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Organisms and The Environment > Parasitology: MINI > Flashcards

Parasitology: MINI Flashcards

1
Q

Why is parasitology important?

A
  • parasites highly successful
  • 50% animals parasites
  • evolved independently in nearly every phylum
  • medical and veterinary implications
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2
Q

What are DALY’s

A

Disability adjusted life units

Amount of time people lose in their life due to being ill

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3
Q

What is parasitology?

A 
Study of parasites from animal and Protozoa kingdoms 
Protozoa
Parasitic worms
Arthropods
Chordates
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4
Q

What is the symbiosis continuum

A 
Study of 2 organisms in lose association (normally different species) 
Broken into:
Phoresis
Mutualism
Commensalism 
Parasitism
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5
Q

Phoresis

A

Symbionts travel together
No harm
No physiological or biochemical dependence

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6
Q

Mutualism

A

No harm
Both partners benefit
Association not obligatory
Some dependence

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7
Q

Commensalism

A

Usually one partner benefits
No harm
Some dependence

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8
Q

Parasitism

A

One partner lives at the metabolic expense of the host
Harm
Obligatory dependence

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9
Q

Ectoparasite

A

Lives externally

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10
Q

Endoparasite

A

Lives internally

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11
Q

Define parasitism in terms of population

A

Parasites aggregate into host population
Large numbers of parasite may result in killing their host (will do so if its in its interest and no evolutionary advantage not to)
A parasite has a higher reproductive rate than its host

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12
Q

Obligate parasite

A

Can’t complete life cycle without host

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13
Q

Facultative parasite

A

Can become parasitic if accidentally ingested or enters orifice/wound

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14
Q

What are the different types of host animal

A 
Definitive 
Intermediate
Paratenic 
Reservoir
Vector
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15
Q

Definitive

A

Parasite reaches sexual maturity

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16
Q

Intermediate

A

Parasite develops and often reproduces asexually

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17
Q

Paratenic

A

Parasite undergoes no development but remains infective to another host

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18
Q

Reservoir

A

Animal harbours a parasite which can be transmitted to humans

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19
Q

Urban cycle

A

Humans catch parasite form domestic animals

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20
Q

Sylvatic cycle

A

Humans catch parasite from wild animals

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21
Q

Vector

A

An agent that transmits a disease

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of vector (and describe)

A 
Mechanical = no development 
Biological = development and/or reproduction
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23
Q

Describe microparasites

A

Consist of: viruses, bacteria, Protozoa

  • epidemic disease (peaks and troughs of infection)
  • specific resistance to infection]
  • high reproductive potential
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24
Q

Describe macro parasites

A

Consist of: worms, crustaceans, insects

  • endemic disease
  • non specific host resistance
  • low reproduction potential
  • transmission dependent upon specific transmission stages
25
Q

The major micro parasitic groups

A

Prions
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoa

26
Q

The major macro parasitic groups

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Arthropoda

27
Q

Platyhelminthes subgroups

A

Monogenean

Digenean

28
Q

Monogenean

A

direct life cycle

One host

29
Q

Digenean

A

Indirect life cycle

More then one host

30
Q

Nematoda example

A

Trichinella spiralis

  • adult worm occurs in the gut and lives in the microvilli
  • produces eggs in the host
  • larvae becomes encysted in the wall
  • will change muscle cell into perfect environment for juvenile worm ( can stay there for years)
  • relies on carnivores and humans can be accidental host if i eat uncooked meat
31
Q

What are the main parasite functions

A 
Attachment 
Nutrition 
Evasion of immune response 
Reproduction 
Transmission
32
Q

Describe monogenean attachment

A

Posterior opisthaptor

  • equipped with suckers, clamps, hooks and /or glands
  • worm length <1mm-3cm
33
Q

Describe digenean attachment

A

Oral and ventral suckers

0.1mm-8cm

34
Q

Describe Cestoda attachment

A

Scolex (anterior attachment structure)

  • embed into gut wall and tend not to move after
  • 2mm-40m
35
Q

Describe general attachment

A

Complex attachment can restrict movement bit if too simple can risk dislodgement

Structure of parasite attachment exactly fits host tissue

36
Q

What is the method of nutrition in micro parasites

A

Absorb nutrients via cell surface

37
Q

What are the methods of nutrition in macro parasites

A

Surface browsing
Blood feeding
Bulk tissue feeding
Nutrient uptake across body wall

38
Q

What are the problems of blood feeding

A

Waste products of blood digestion
Lack of vitamin B
Clotting agents
Exposure to hosts immune system

39
Q

What are the physiological and behavioural adaptations for nutrition in parasites

A
  • Symbiotic micro organisms to counteract vitamin B deficiency
  • production of anti coagulants
  • release of indigenous enzymes (parasite)and binding of exogenous enzymes (host)
  • acidification of hosts gut through secretion of H+
  • migration along hosts gut
40
Q

What are the morphological adaptations of parasites for nutrition

A

Increased body surface area

  • microthrix
  • microvilli
  • surface folds

Modified mouth parts

  • cutting plates
  • penetration stylets
  • lacinia
  • epipharynx
41
Q

Define immunity

A

Possession of tissues capable of recognising and protecting animals against invaders.
Evoked by recognition of some parts of the parasite or its secretory/excretory products

42
Q

Define innate immunity

A

Defence not dependent of previous exposure

43
Q

Define acquired immunity

A

Response develops after infection to particular parasite

44
Q

Define cross immunity

A

Immunity between species after being infected by one

45
Q

Define susceptible host

A

Can not eliminate area site

46
Q

Define resistant host

A

Prevents establishment and survival of parasite

47
Q

Premunition resistance

A

Host recovers from disease and is resistant to re-infection but some parasites remain and reproduce at a slow rate
(Incomplete resistance)

48
Q

Concomitant immunity

A

Parasite elicits protection against reinfection but parasite itself remains unaffected by immune response
(Incomplete resistance)

49
Q

How does the parasite evade hosts immune response?

A 
Inaccessibility 
Antigen disguise/mimicry
Antigen polymorphism 
Shedding antigens 
Immunomodulation of host 
Anticomplementary activity
50
Q

Describe inaccessibility

A
  • Intracellular or in tissues which have a weak immune response a.k.a immunologically naive sites e.g. the eye
  • Intracellular invasion of immune cells with phagolysomes of macrophages
51
Q

Describe disguise/mimicry

A

Host/host-like antigens bound to the surface of the parasite

52
Q

Describe antigen polymorphism

A
  • parasite changes the antigens on the surface of its cell overtime
  • host adapts and attacks antigens but then parasite changes = host adapts again due to selection pressure
    Cycle repeats
53
Q

Describe shedding antigens

A

So much parasite antigen shedded that it overwhelms the immune response

54
Q

Describe immunomodulation of host

A

Causes lymphocytes to produce wrong cytokines, polyclonal B stimulation, inhibiting macrophages activation

55
Q

Describe parasite reproduction

A
  • parasites higher reproductive potentials than their hosts
  • are R strategists (no parental investment) instead of K strategists
  • many different methods of reproduction

Asexual :
Reduces genetic diversity and ensures host parasite co-evolution and maintains stability

Sexual:
Increased genetic diversity

56
Q

Oviparous

A

Eggs released into environment and develop outside of parents body

57
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Encapsulated embryos develop within parents body

58
Q

Viviparous

A

Embryos develop in parents body with no egg shell (live young)

Organisms and The Environment (9 decks)

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