Parasitology slide set 3

Question 1

Two major divisions of arthropods in terms of pesticides

Answer 1

Insects (fleas, lice, flies)

Ticks and mites

Question 2

In some products there are synergists (like piperonyl butoxide or N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide) are used to

Answer 2

slow pesticide breakdown, so NOT pesticides

Question 3

Types of arthropod control agents

Answer 3

Pesticides- kill outright, interfere with normal growth and development
Biological control- eparasitic wasps
Physical control- fly mask

Question 4

Pyrethrins

Answer 4

botanicals- plant products, quickly metabolized

Question 5

Mode of action of pyrethrins

Answer 5

Disrupt ion transport in nerve membranes
Paralysis of organism; quick knockdown, some repellent activity
Often used with synergists to prevent detoxification

Question 6

Spectrum of action of pyrethrins

Answer 6

many species

Question 7

Toxicity of pyrethrins

Answer 7

Pretty safe b/c rapidly metabolized

Problems can occur is animal ingests too much: salivation, diarrhea, vomiting, trembling

Question 8

Method of application of pyrethrins

Answer 8

Topical, not absorbed (sprays, dusts, shampoos)

Question 9

Members of pyrethroids

Answer 9

permethrin (most common, bad for cats), cyfluthrin, lamdacyhalothrin, beta-cyfluthrin, flumethrin, etofenprox (common in OTC cat flea products)
Most generic names end in -thrin

Question 10

Mode of action of pyrethroids

Answer 10

Similar to pyrethrins, cause paralysis of organism

Some repellant activity but not primary mode of action

Question 11

Toxicity of pyrethroids

Answer 11

Similar to pyrethrins, but can be worse b/c more potent and last longer
Need to know if product is pyrethrin or pyrethroid

Question 12

Method of administration of pyrethroids

Answer 12

Topical- lipophilic (helps them stay around), dusts, sprays, shampoos, spot-ons, etc (ex. advantix 2)
Enviromental- pyrethriods

Question 13

Members of neonicotinoids (chloronicotinyls, nitroguanidines)

Answer 13

Imidacloprid
Nitenpyram
Dinofuran

Question 14

Spectrum of action of neonicotinoids

Answer 14

Insects on animals and plants

Question 15

Mode of action of neonicotinoids

Answer 15

Binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in insects

Question 16

Toxicity of neonicotinoids

Answer 16

Low toxicity b/c mammalian receptors different, would expect nicotinic signs if occured

Question 17

Method of administration of neonicotinoids

Answer 17

Topically, mostly (capstar is an example of an oral admin)

Question 18

Spectrum of action of macrolides (macrocyclic lactones)

Answer 18

Variable efficacy against many arthropod species

Question 19

Method of administration of macrolides

Answer 19

Oral, spot-ons, injection, feed additives
Best product for ectoparasites applied to skin
Topical ones are absorbed systemically

Question 20

Members of spinosyns

Answer 20

spinosad

spinetoram

Question 21

Spectrum of action of spinosyns

Answer 21

Insects

Question 22

Mode of action of spinosyns

Answer 22

Activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors so act like neonicotinoids but the receptor is different

Question 23

Toxicity of spinosyns

Answer 23

Appears low

Question 24

Administration of spinosyns

Answer 24

oral and topical

Question 25

Member of phenylpyrazoles

Answer 25

Fipronil (frontline plus)

Question 26

Spectrum of phenylpyrazoles

Answer 26

Insects, ticks, mites

Question 27

Toxicity of phenylpyrazoles

Answer 27

Doesn't seem to bind to mammalian receptors generally Don't use in rabbits Toxic for fish, aquatic systems

Question 28

Mode of action of phenylpyrazoles

Answer 28

Binds to GABA receptors, inhibits ion flux in nerve cells- hyperexcitability and death

Question 29

Member of formamidines

Answer 29

Amitraz

Question 30

Spectrum of formamidines

Answer 30

Ticks and mites primarily

Question 31

Mode of action of formamidines

Answer 31

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Question 32

Toxicity of formamidines

Answer 32

do NOT use in horses, relatively safe in others | Lethargy, hypotension, vomiting

Question 33

Method of administration of formamidines

Answer 33

Topical, not absorbed

Question 34

Member of oxadiazine

Answer 34

indoxacarb (this is a new product, activyl for cats)

Question 35

Spectrum of action of oxadiazine

Answer 35

Insects

Question 36

Mode of action of oxadiazine

Answer 36

Sodium ion channel blocker affects neuromuscular system

Question 37

Safety of oxadiazine

Answer 37

doesn't bind mammal sodium channels so safety is good

Question 38

Carbamates mode of action

Answer 38

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase in vertebrates and invertibrates Effects are more reversible and so safer then organophosphates

Question 39

Members of carbamates

Answer 39

Carbaryl | Propoxur

Question 40

Safety of carbamates

Answer 40

Can cause toxicity if overdosed Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea Respiratory failure

Question 41

Environmental and plant pesticides include some used on animals

Answer 41

fipronil, imidicloprid, dinotefuran, spinosad

Question 42

Lime sulfur

Answer 42

smelly but pretty safe, used in small animals

Question 43

Repellents- human products, not used in animals

Answer 43

DEET | Picardin (oil of lemon eucalyptus)

Question 44

"Natural" products

Answer 44

D-limonene, high dose can be toxic | Herbal preparations- little efficacy or toxicity data

Question 45

Insect development inhibitors

Answer 45

chitin synthesis inhibitors | Example: lefenuron (program)

Question 46

Insect growth regulators

Answer 46

Juvenile hormone analogs | Examples: methoprene (frontline plus); pyriproxyfen (knockout, vectra 3-d)

Question 47

Toxicity of IDIs and IGRs

Answer 47

low

Question 48

Administration of IDIs and IGRs

Answer 48

topical | environmental

Question 49

NOT QUIZ | Antibacterials are used also as

Answer 49

antiprotozoals

Question 50

NOT QUIZ | Sulfonamides

Answer 50

inhibit folic acid production | used for treatment of coccidian parasites

Question 51

NOT QUIZ | Nitroimidazoes

Answer 51

Interfere with RNA synthesis | Metronidazole used for treatment of giardia

Question 52

NOT QUIZ | Ionophores

Answer 52

Destroy cross-membrane ion gradients Monensin, lasalocid Used for prevention of coccidiosis

Question 53

NOT QUIZ | Antibacterial macrolides

Answer 53

Inhibits protein synthesis Clindamycin Used for treatment of toxoplasma infection

Question 54

NOT QUIZ | Triazones

Answer 54

Inhibit nuclear division Diclazuril, ponazuril For coccidiosis in poultry and EPM in horses

Question 55

NOT QUIZ | Pyridine derivative

Answer 55

Interfere with mitochondrial metabolism Decoquinate For coccidiosis in food animals, poultry

Question 56

NOT QUIZ | Pyrimidine derivatives

Answer 56

Amprolium- competitive thiamine antagonist | For treatment and prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and food animals

Question 57

NOT QUIZ | Benzimidazoles

Answer 57

ABZ, FBZ, used for giardia