parasympathetic ganglions

Question 1

what is the central nucleus of the ciliary ganglion?

Answer 1

Edinger-Westphal (midbrain)

Question 2

CN of ciliary ganglion?

Answer 2

CN III

Question 3

what does CN III travel through to reach ciliary ganglion?

Answer 3

from E-W nucleus (midbrain) –> cavernous sinus –> superior orbital fissure –> orbit

Question 4

where does the ciliary ganglion synapse?

Answer 4

between optic nerve and lateral rectus in apex of orbit

Question 5

nerve carrying post ganglionic fibres of ciliary ganglion?

Answer 5

Va: nasociliary branch of ophthalmic (trigeminal)

Question 6

what does the ciliary ganglion supply?

Answer 6

ciliary muscles
sphincter pupillae (constrict pupil, iris muscle, less light onto retina)

Question 7

function of ciliary muscles?

Answer 7

lens accommodation

contract ciliary muscles, suspensory ligaments relaxes (attaches to lens), so lens thickens to focus on close objects

Question 8

function of sphincter pupillae?

Answer 8

constrict pupil, muscle of the iris

so less light hit the back of the retina (neural layer with the rod and cone cells)

Question 9

sympathetic of ciliary ganglion?

Answer 9

via ophthalmic artery (branch if ICA - structures WITHIN H+N)

Question 10

CN of pterygopalatine ganglion?

Answer 10

CN VII (facial) from superior salivary nucleus of PONS

Question 11

course of travel of CN VII to pterygopalatine ganglion? (pre-synaptic)

Answer 11

from lower pons –> facial nerve –> nervus intermedius (without muscles of facial expression) –> IAM –> facial canal (middle ear) –> geniculate ganglion (within facial canal) –> greater petrosal foramen –> lacerate foramen –> (join with deep petrosal nerve (ICA, sympathetic) –> becomes pterygoid nerve –> runs through pterygoid canal –> pterygoid ganglion (within pterygoid fossa)
pre- + post- synapse

Question 12

course of travel of greater petrosal nerve post- pterygoid ganglion?

Answer 12

MAINLY V2 (maxillary)
hitch hike onto branches of V2 (maxillary, trigeminal) then V1 (ophthalmic: infra-orbital --> lacrimal) --> inferior orbital fissure (IOF)

Question 13

branches of V1?

Answer 13

ophthalmic (SOF):
frontal
nasociliary
lacrimal

Question 14

branches of V2?

Answer 14

maxillary (foramen rotundum)
zygomatic
Infra-orbital
Superior alveolar

Question 15

branches of V3?

Answer 15

mandibular (foramen ovale):
buccal
auriculotemporal
lingual
inferior alveolar

Question 16

what does the greater petrosal nerve (pterygopalatine ganglion supply)?

Answer 16

lacrimal gland

mucosal glands of nasal + oral cavity (nose, nasopharynx, sinuses, soft palate)

Question 17

sympathetic nerve of pterygopalatine ganglion?

Answer 17

deep petrosal nerve (from pterygoid canal via lacerate foramen, joined to greater petrosal nerve)

Question 18

travel of sympathetic nerve (deep petrosal nerve) through pterygopalatine ganglion?

Answer 18

ICA
before ICA enters cavernous sinus, it exits the petrous part of temporal bone and joins greater petrosal nerve in the pterygoid canal (vidian nerve)

Question 19

function of symapthetic of pterygopalatine ganglion?

Answer 19

vasoconstrict

Question 20

nerve of submanidbular ganglion?

Answer 20

CN VII (facial)
from pons (superior salivary)

Question 21

path of CN VII to submandibular ganglion (pre-synaptic)?

Answer 21

lower pons –> CN VII –> nervus intermedius –> IAM (enters skull) –> facial canal (petrous temporal, middle ear) –> give rise to nerve to stapedius (within canal) –> chorda tympani travels through PETROTYMPANIC fissure –> infratemporal fossa –> exits skull via STYLOMASTOID foramen –> submandibular ganglion

Question 22

what is the nervus intermedius?

Answer 22

from facial nerve proper
but withOUT muscles of facial expression supply
general visceral Efferent(GVE): CN VII ganglions
specific visceral afferent (SVA): taste
general visceral afferent (GVA): skin posterior auricle (posterior auricular nerve)

Question 23

what is facial canal is close anatomical relation to?

Answer 23

mastoid air cells

Question 24

what happens to chorda tympani during it’s travel within the infratemporal fossa?

Answer 24

it joins with lingual nerve (V3) to reach the stylomastoid foramen (synapse)

Question 25

organs supplied by submandibular ganglion?

Answer 25

submandibular, sublingual glands | anterior lingual + mucosal glands on side of tongue

Question 26

artery carrying sympathetic nerve of submandibular ganglion?

Answer 26

facial artery (ECA)

Question 27

function of sympathetic of submandibular ganglion?

Answer 27

vasoconstriction

Question 28

nerve of otic ganglion?

Answer 28

``` CN IX (glossopharyngeal) from inferior salivary nucleus (MEDULLA) ```

Question 29

nerve carrying pre-ganglionic otic ganglion?

Answer 29

CN IX --> tympatnic branch --> lesser petrosal nerve (greater petrosal was CN VII)

Question 30

course of travel of pre-ganglionic otic ganglion?

Answer 30

CN IX --> enters skull via jugular foramen (CN 9,10,11) --> tympanic branch of CN IX --> petrous temporal bone (middle ear) --> through middle cranial fossa as LESSER petrosal nerve --> otic ganglion

Question 31

nerve carrying postganglion fibres of otic ganglion?

Answer 31

auriculotemporal (V3, mandibular, trigeminal)

Question 32

organs supplied by otic ganglion?

Answer 32

parotid gland (branches of facial nerve - muscles of facial expression through parotid gland, has its own parotid sheath, but SUPPLY is CN IX)

Question 33

sympathetic artery of otic ganglion?

Answer 33

middle meningeal artery | from external carotid nerve plexus

Question 34

where does middle meningeal artery branch from?

Answer 34

ECA --> maxillary artery --> middle meningeal artery

Question 35

what is significant about anterior branch of middle meningeal artery?

Answer 35

travels through pterion weakest part of skull where sphenoid, frontal, parietal and temporal bones come together (H-shape), easily fracture damaging MMA --> extradural haematoma --> raised ICP --> compress brain (respiratory + cardiac centres) --> death within a few hours

Question 36

sympathetic function of otic ganglion?

Answer 36

vasoconstriction

Question 37

summary of CN involved in parasympathetic ganglions?

Answer 37

ciliary: CN III (oculomotor, ciliary muscle, sphincter pupillae) pterygopalatine: CN VII (lacrimal gland, mucosa nasal + oral) submandibular: CN VII (submandibular + sublingual glands) otic: CN IX (parotid gland)

Question 38

difference between submandibular and sublingual?

Answer 38

submandibular GLANDS | sublingual LYMPH NODES

Question 39

summary of post-ganglionic nerves?

Answer 39

ciliary: V1 (nasociliary of ophthalmic) pterygopalatine: V2 (infra-orbital + zygomatic, then V1 lacrimal) submandibular: V3 (lingual) otic: V3 (auriculotemporal)