Parathyroid: Hyperparathyroidism Flashcards
(13 cards)
What is hyperparathyroidism?
Raised parathyroid hormones (PTH) leading to hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by elevated levels of parathyroid hormone which affects calcium and phosphate levels in the body.
What are the classic symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
Stones, bones, groans and moans
This mnemonic helps to remember the common symptoms associated with hyperparathyroidism.
Outline the physiology of PTH
List the symptoms associated with hyperparathyroidism.
- Kidney stones
- Painful bones (fractures)
- Abdominal groans (constipation, N/V, abdo pain)
- Psychiatric moans (fatigue, depression and psychosis)
Each symptom corresponds to the effects of elevated parathyroid hormone on various body systems.
What is primary hyperparathyroidism?
Tumour of the parathyroid gland causing increased PTH secretion and calcium absorption/reabsorption leading to hypercalcemia
This type is often caused by adenomas or hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands.
What causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Insufficient Vitamin D or Chronic Renal Failure (CKD) leading to reduced calcium absorption from the SI/kidneys/bones
This condition results in hypocalcemia and parathyroid hyperplasia with high PTH levels.
What is tertiary hyperparathyroidism?
Secondary hyperparathyroidism that continues for a long time and is treated, causing a massive spike in calcium absorption
This occurs due to persistent elevated PTH levels even after the initial cause is addressed.
What investigations are used to diagnose hyperparathyroidism?
- Serum calcium
- PTH levels
- Kidney function test
- Vitamin D levels
- USS scan of neck
These tests help assess calcium levels, parathyroid hormone levels, and kidney function, as well as visualize the parathyroid glands.
What genetic risks are associated with primary hyperparathyroidism?
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
- Hyperparathyroidism jaw tumour syndrome
- Familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism
Individuals with these genetic conditions have a higher predisposition to developing primary hyperparathyroidism.
What is the treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism?
Surgical removal of the parathyroid tumour
This is often the definitive treatment to correct the hormonal imbalance.
What is the treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Treat the underlying cause - Vitamin D deficiency replacement or renal transplant
Addressing the root cause helps to normalize parathyroid hormone levels.
What is the treatment for tertiary hyperparathyroidism?
Surgical removal of part of the parathyroid gland to reduce PTH production
This procedure can help manage the excessive hormone levels resulting from prolonged secondary hyperparathyroidism.
What are the biochemical findings for hyperparathyroidism?
