parcial 1 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Leads a state in fulfilling its national interests and acquiring rightful place among comity of nations
A
foreign policy
2
Q
Is the interaction between the nations/states
A
foreign policy
3
Q
With what foreign policy has shaped?
A
The creation of international organizations like the UN, decolonization, globalization, etc
4
Q
The system of activities evolved by communities for changing the behavior of other states for adjusting their own activities to the international environment
A
foreign policy
5
Q
Foreign policy serves as an intersection point of:
A
Domestic and international politics
6
Q
2 determinants of foreign policy decision—making:
A
International or external and domestic or internal
7
Q
Main external factors that determine the foreign policy of a state are:
A
- The international system
- International law
- International organization
- Alliances
- Military strength
8
Q
Domestic determinants of foreign policy:
A
- Culture and history
- Geogtaphy size and population
- Economic development and natural resources
- Military capabilities
- Political system
9
Q
mexico has had:
A
52 presidents and 2 emperors
10
Q
2 emperors of mexico
A
agustin de iturbide and maximilian of mexico
11
Q
most famous presidents:
A
- Vicente Guerrero
- Guadalupe Victoria
- Antonio lopez de santa ana
- Benito juarez
- Porfirio diaz
12
Q
Consequence of a political and social resolved by means of arms, which put an end to Spanish rule in the territories of new spain
A
Mexico’s independence
13
Q
Date of mexicos independence
A
September 16 1810 to September 27 1821
14
Q
The independence of Mexico was made official with the signing of the
A
treaties of cordoba
15
Q
Document signed by iturbide and juan odonoju
A
treaties of cordoba
16
Q
principal actors of the independence
A
Priest Miguel hidalgo
Maria morelos and pavon
Agustin de Iturbide
Vicente Guerrero
17
Q
Mexico was the only nation independent from spain that
A
Adopted a monarchial regime after its independence
18
Q
Period of the first Mexican empire
A
Signing of traties of Cordoba in 1821 to proclamation of the federal republic 1823
19
Q
How was dissolved the first Mexican empire
A
With the casa mata plan led by Antonio lopez de santa ana and vicente Guerrero
20
Q
Why do people in Texas started to grow the idea of independence?
A
- They had to convert to Catholicism and adopt their equivalent name in Spanish
- Abolition of slavery in Mexico
- The adoption of the 7 laws centralist constitution of 1835that took away their autonomy
21
Q
The captors of santa an aforced him to sign the
A
treaty of Velasco
22
Q
treaty that recognized the independence of texas
A
treaty of velasco
23
Q
This treaty is where the current territorial limits are established
A
guadalupe hidalgo
24
Q
Was the first french intervention
A
war of cakes
25
why do the war of cakes happen?
Due to the claims of French citizens with properties in Mexico that were damaged during war of independence, Mexico wasn’t able to cover the expenses so France started an armed conflict
26
took place after the Mexican government, headed by Benito Juárez, announced the suspension of foreign debt payments in 1861. In response, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain formed an alliance by the London Convention and announced their intention to send troops to Mexico
second war intervention
27
Movement supported by Mexican conservatives and the Catholic Church with the French army. Benito Juárez and his followers (the Liberals) were persecuted until they settled in the "Paso del Norte" today Ciudad Juárez
Second emperor of Mexico: maximilian I
28
Maximilian was made emperor in ___ and executed in ___
1863 and in 1867
29
The governments of ___ and ___ set out to modernize the country after so many years of war
Benito juarez y Sebastian lerdo de tejada
30
His plans included the diversification of agriculture, the establishment of industries, the construction of a solid communications infrastructure and, above all, the generalization of education.
Benito juarez
31
The servitude of agricultural laborers was stopped, workers' associations were promoted
Benito juarez
32
Reform laws and separation of the state and the clergy
Benito juarez
33
He was from Oaxaca, was going to study law but leaved to join the army, was a key piece of the victory of the battle of puebla, lost elections twice before taking up arms
porfirio diaz
34
Movement to overthrow President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. "Effective suffrage, No reelection" by
Tuxtepec plan by porfirio diaz
35
Years in which Porfirio governed
1877-1911
36
Search for international recognition. After great diplomatic work, he managed to reconcile relations with the United States, Spain, the United Kingdom and France, who between 1877 and 1884 recognized his government.
porfirio diaz
37
Benefits from porfirios government
- 19,000 km of railways thanks to foreign investment
- The country was communicated by the telegraph network
- Foreign capital investments were made in mining, agriculture, oil and national industry was promoted
38
Cons of porfirios government
- Corruption and fraud
- Disposal of land
- Excessive exploitation of mines by foreign companies
39
Mexico’s presidents from 1910 to 1940
- Francisco I madero
- Venustiano Carranza
- Eulalio Gutierrez
- Roque Gonzalez Garza
- Alvaro Obregon
- Plitarco elias calles
- Emilio portes gil
- Pascual Ortiz rubio
- Abelardo l rodriguez
- Lazaro cardenas
40
Armed conflict in November 20 1910 led by Francisco I madero and president Porfirio diaz
Mexican revolution
41
Main actors or Mexican revolution
- Francisco I madero
- Venustiano Carranza
- Francisco villa: leader of the north
- Emiliano Zapata: leader of the south
42
started in a panorama of dissatisfaction against the elitist policies of Porfirio Díaz, which had favored the upper class, especially the landowners and the big industrial capitalists.
the mexican revolution
43
- Porfirio Díaz was re-elected for a seventh term
- Madero tried to negotiate with him to obtain the vice presidency.
- Madero managed to escape from prison and published in the Texas town of San Antonio his famous Plan of San Luis Potosí, in which he denounced electoral fraud and incited the population to join his opposition.
- The Díaz regime collapsed, whose army, led by aging soldiers, did not know how to deal with the revolutionary guerrillas.
Mexican revolution: madero revolution 1910-1911
44
Initially his regime was welcomed with enthusiasm by the people, but soon he was faced with the discontent of the peasants, who demanded an agrarian reform; and that of the landowners, who wanted to quell the radicalism of Zapata's followers.
Francisco I Madero
45
- became a dictator through military force.
- received the support of the large landowners, high military commanders, the clergy, and almost all the governors, with the exception of José María Maytorena, governor of Sonora, and Venustiano Carranza, governor of Coahuila.
Victoriano Huerta
46
---- management then proposed two goals:
- achieve the pacification of the country
- achieve international recognition of their government, especially by the United States
Victoriano huerta
47
In April 1914, 6 ships anchored in Tampico and a short time later took over the port of Veracruz to prevent
the Huerta government from receiving a shipment of arms from Germany.
48
broke diplomatic relations with the United States.
huerta
49
(a group known as ABC) offered to act as mediators in the conflict during conferences in Niagara Falls, Canada, on May 20 of that same year.
argentina, brazil and chile
50
was exiled in June 1914 to Spain, he died in 1916 due to cirrhosis.
huerta
51
Differences soon arose between the revolutionaries, divided into three groups
villistas
zapatistas
carrancistas
52
who offered a poorly defined political and social program
villistas
53
who keept the principles of the Plan de Ayala
zapatistas
54
linked to the bourgeoisie.
carrancistas
55
Eulalio Gutiérrez was appointed as provisional president at
the aguascalientes convention
56
chose to write a new constitution that would fulfill the promises made to peasants and workers during the armed conflict, this in order to prevent the main actors from being dissatisfied and creating social and political instability again.
venustiano carranza
57
ruled from 1917 to 1920, although he was unable to fully pacify the country as Villista uprisings continued in the north and Zapatistas in the south.
venustiano carranza
58
The economic, social and political proposals of the workers were enunciated in article___ that determines the conditions of work and social security, such as:
123
59
venustiano carranza 123 article:
- Maximum workday of eight hours.
- Prohibition for women and children to participate in unhealthy and dangerous work.
- Establishment of a day of rest for every six days of work.
- Grant to social security, school and nursing workers
60
- He supported V. Carranza as the military brain of the constitutionalist army.
- “Agua Prieta” plan to ignore V. Carranza
- First president whose mandate began on December 1 and ended on November 30, in the history of the country.
alvaro obregon
61
During his term he tried to conclude the national pacification process and began the distribution of land to peasants as part of his social reform project.
He tried to maintain the check and balance of the prevailing political forces in the country; He granted amnesty to Francisco Villa and Saturnino Cedillo, and in exchange for surrendering and collaborating in the stability of the country.
alvaro obregon
62
- Creation of the SEP (1921) directed by José Vasconcelos
- Treaties of Bucareli (1923)
- After the calles mandate (1928) Obregón decided to launch his re-election.
- He wins the Presidency but is assassinated at his celebration that night.
alvaro obregon
63
- He took office at 12:00 noon on December 1, 1924.
- “Maximum Chief of the Revolution” = Maximato from 1924 to 1934
- Right arm of Álvaro Obregón.
- Cristero War
plutarco elias calles
64
- Focus on the economy: Creation of the Income Tax, strengthening the currency, return of goods to private hands, etc.
- Creation of Mexico´s Central Bank on September 1, 1925.
- Frictions with the US: he rejected the Bucareli Treaties of 1923 and began to draft a new oil law that would strictly comply with and adhere to article 27 of the Constitution.
plutarco elias calles
65
- Former Governor of Sonora
- war on alcohol
- Cristero War (3 years)
- Re-election in non-consecutive terms and 6-year terms.
- top leader of the revolution PNR and electoral fraud
- Before dying he turns to spirituality.
plutarco elias calles
66
- Appointed by Congress to replace President-elect Álvaro Obregón, assassinated before taking office.
- Ended the Cristero War
- Autonomy was granted to the National University of Mexico.
emilio portes gil
67
- He faced the repercussions of the world economic crisis that began in 1929.
- The Estrada Doctrine was drawn up, which says that Mexico should not judge, neither for better nor for worse, the governments or the changes in the government of other nations.
- Accepted the entry of Mexico to the league of nations
- Expanded the country's telephone network
- Enforces freedom of religion
pascual ortiz rubio
68
- Substitute for Ortiz Rubio who resigned from office.
- He used an economic policy that favored the development of industry and commerce.
- Highways such as Mexico-Nuevo Laredo, Puebla-Tehuacán and Morelia-Guanajuato were drawn.
- established the minimum wage
- He inaugurated Palacio de Bellas Artes.
abelardo L. Rodriguez
69
- End of Callismo (Calles, Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio and Abelardo Rodríguez).
- Agrarian reform: support for peasants
- Labor movement, creation of the CTM (Confederation of Workers of Mexico).
Lázaro Cárdenas
70
- The government's support for the workers' demands led to the expropriation of the companies, they achieved collective contracts with substantial profits for the workers
- He informed the country of his government's decision to cut their losses and expropriate the oil companies, on March 18, 1938.
lazaro cardenas
71
mexico's presidents from 1940-1964
- Miguel avila camacho
- miguel aleman valdes
- adolfo ruiz cortines
- adolfo lopez mateos
72
- Revolution soldier: He fought against Huerta.
- Secretary of War and Navy in the six-year term of Lazaro Cárdenas.
- President of Mexico from December 1, 1940 to November 30, 1946.
- "The President Gentleman"
- The Second World War (1939-1945) was fought in this period.
- IMSS is born
miguel avila camacho
73
- Contribution of agricultural and mineral raw materials for the production of war materials.
- In exchange, he received machinery, tools, capital, and credit, which activated industry, agriculture, and mining.
- Agreement with workers to avoid strikes
miguel avila camacho in wwii
74
- Temporary labor agreement started in August 1942
- Demand for labor during World War II
- A thousand experienced Mexican peasants were sent to the U.S.A. to grow and harvest at sugar mills located in the Stockton California region
bracero program
75
On May 13, 1942, the Mexican ship Potrero del Llano
was sunk near the coast of Florida in the Gulf of Mexico.
76
Mexico sues the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs that if within 7 days, counted from May 14, 1942, the country responsible for the aggression does not proceed to pay the damages caused
the Mexican government would adopt the measures to claim national honor.
77
Mexico entered the Second World War. The Mexican government sent
Squadron 201, made up of 300 men, which was a group of the Mexican Air Force, which was sent to fight by Mexico as part of the allies
78
was a Mexican aerial combat unit that participated in World War II.
201 squadron
79
flew as an annex to the 58th Group. combat of the 5th United States Air Force in the liberation of the mother island of Luzon, Philippines, during the summer of 1945.
201 squadron
80
is the only Mexican military unit that has fought outside the national territory.
The Mexican Expeditionary Air Force
81
Mexico is one of the
51 founding members of the United Nations Organization.
82
The Mexican delegation was represented by ______, ________ and ______, who signed the "Charter of the United Nations" on June 26, 1945 and on November 7 of that same year it was admitted to the UN.
Ezequiel Padilla, Manuel Tello and Francisco Castillo Nájera
83
- His father left him an important lesson: "Dedicate yourself to something more stable than weapons"
- Lawyer (UNAM)
- real estate business
- Avila Camacho campaign coordinator
- Secretary of the Interior
- President of Mexico from December 1, 1946 to November 30, 1952.
miguel aleman valdes
84
- The external debt increased to 346 million dollars,
- As a result, the peso was devalued by 90% and was quoted at $8.65 pesos per dollar.
The automotive, engine and home appliance industries and hotel chains diversified. It promoted tourism and especially the port of Mazatlán.
- Creation of the Ciudad Universitaria and the industrialization of Mexico.
miguel aleman valdes
85
- Revolutionary
- He supports the ”Plan de Agua Prieta" against Carranza
- accountant and statesman
- SG during the six-year term of Miguel Aleman
- President of Mexico in the six-year term from 1952 to 1958.
- Austerity and moralization policy during his six-year term.
- IMSS expansion
- Uprisings of teachers and railway workers.
adolfo ruiz cortines
86
During the campaign, he promised that "if the vote favors us in the next elections, we intend to initiate before the Chambers the legal reforms necessary for women to enjoy the same political rights as men"
adolfo ruiz cortines
87
maintained a friendly relationship during his government with the president of the United States Dwight Eisenhower.
ruiz cortines
88
With the Bracero Program signed during the Manuel Ávila Camacho administration in 1942
millions of Mexican day laborers went to work in the United States.
89
- UNAM Lawyer
- Secretary of Labor in RC administration
- President during the six-year term between 1958 and 1964.
- Leftiest
- free textbooks
- Nationalization of the electrical industry
- During his administration, the ISSSTE and the National Museum of Anthropology were created.
- Return of the territory "el chamizal" (333 hectares in Chihuahua)
adolfo lopez mateos
90
- The president toured the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, India, among countless countries.
- He promoted the country before the International Olympic Committee so that the XIX Olympics would be held in Mexico City
- Last “popular” president of Mexico.
adolfo lopez mateos
91
presidents from 1964 to 1988
gustavo diaz ordaz
luis echeverria a
jose lopez portillo
miguel de la madrid h
92
- Secretary of the Interior in the six-year term of LM
- President of Mexico between 1964 and 1970.
- Inflexible and structured
- Expansion of the hydraulic infrastructure reaching the construction of 107 dams.
Gustavo Diaz Ordaz
93
- Also under his mandate, the 1968 Student Movement originated, which culminated in the massacre in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco, on October 2.
- During his administration, the 1968 Olympics were organized in Mexico.
- Upon handing over power in 1970, he withdrew from public life.
- Seven years later, the government of José López Portillo appoints him ambassador of Mexico in Spain
Gustavo diaz ordaz
94
cause of the student movement 1969
defend the right to freedom of expression oppressed by the styles of government of the time.
95
- A student football match between UNAM and IPN ends in a fight
- Police use excessive force and arrest students.
- From there a general protest arose in both schools, not only from students, but also teachers, parents, intellectuals, etc. in which they complained about the oppression of the authorities.
- The most accepted theory of the reasons behind this massacre is given that the 68 Olympics were very close, the rulers did not want to show the situation of the country in front of the other nations, so a decision was taken to intimidate the students once and for all.
student movement 1968
96
- They were held between October 12 and 27, 1968.
- 5,530 athletes from 112 countries participated, competing in 172 competitions across 20 sports.
- These were the first games organized by a developing country, by a Spanish-speaking nation, and the first to be held in Latin America.
1968 olimpics
97
- Idol = Lázaro Cárdenas
- Secretary of the Interior in the term of DO
- He tried to distance himself from his responsibility in the repression of the 1968 student movement.
- He considerably increased public spending, issuing worthless paper money and contracting debt.
- The fixed exchange rate that had existed since 1954, of $12.50 per dollar, was abandoned; at the end of his six-year term it reached 25 pesos per dollar.
- The external debt increased from the manageable 6,000 million dollars that Díaz Ordaz had inherited to more than 20,000 million.
luis echeverria
98
- His government was very close to the socialist regimes of Chile and Cuba.
- Gave asylum to Hortensia Bussi, wife of Chilean President Salvador Allende
- Mexico hosted the Soccer World Cup in 1970.
- Dirty War
- Communist League “23 de Septiembre” murders Don Eugenio Garza Sada
- Inflation and discourages Foreign Investment
- He nomitated himself for the Nobel Peace Prize and for the UN SG
luis echeverria
99
- Secretary of the Treasury in the six-year term of Echeverría.
- Win, there is no other candidate.
- Family in his government
jose lopez portillo
100
- Visit of Pope John Paul II
- Growth of the national economy in its history, followed by a serious decline
- He placed former President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz as Mexico's ambassador to Spain. Knowing this, Carlos Fuentes (Ambassador of Mexico in France) resigned.
- Large oil fields discovered but mismanaged.
- bank nationalization
- “I will defend the peso like a dog”… peso falls 1 dollar = 70 pesos
jose lopez portillo
101
- sponsored the coming of Pope John Paul II, after decades of distance with the Catholic Church, authorizing the service of an open-air mass broadcast on television.
- The relationship with Cuba was restored with the visit of Fidel Castro to Mexican lands in 1979 after 22 years.
lopez portillo
102
- Lawyer from UNAM and with a Master's Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University.
- Secretary of Programming and Budget López Portillo
- Faced the 1985 earthquake (September 19, 1945): The 8.5 magnitude earthquake on the Richter scale shook Mexico City.
Miguel de la madrid
103
On July 25, 1986, Mexico was officially the 92nd member country of
GATT
104
Mexico agreed to consolidate its customs duties at a maximum rate of 50% in
by signing the agreement in gatt
105
On July 3, during the presidential elections, the left-wing candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas was widely ahead of his rivals
manuel clouthier del pan and carlos salinas de gortari del pri
