parental and social behaviour Flashcards

Question

in both men and women, small amounts of progesterone are produced by...

Answer 1

adrenal glands

Answer 2

various roles in regulating: 1. metabolism 2. stress responses 3. other physiological functions

Answer 3

glucocorticoids

Answer 4

1. stress response 2. regulation of various physiological processes

Answer 5

"stress hormone" because it's released in response to stress helps body cope with stressful situations

Answer 6

long released 20-30 mins after stressful event

Answer 7

males: testes women: ovaries and adrenal glands (in lesser amounts)

Answer 8

testosterone but it also plays important roles in women's health (like menopause)

Answer 9

1. secondary sexual characteristics 2. libido and sexual function 3. bone health 4. muscle mass/strength 5. metabolism and fat distribution 6. mood

Answer 10

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) makes us retain liquid - not pee

Answer 11

peptide hormone

Answer 12

produced by hypothalamus released by posterior pituitary gland

Answer 13

regulation of: 1. water balance 2. blood pressure 3. social behaviour

Answer 14

various aspects of social bonding and affiliation 1. pair bonding 2. parental behaviour 3. aggression and territoriality 4. social recognition and memory

Answer 15

kids falling into gorilla enclosures 2 very diff responses: 1. either protect the child 2. or drag it away these diff responses have hormonal components ie. both of the instances of protection were undertaken by lactating females

Answer 16

behaviours performed in relation to one's offspring that contribute directly to the SURVIVAL of: fertilized eggs or offspring that have left body of the female

Answer 17

infant survival in many species (including humans) hence it's critical for reproductive success of individual parent(s) mere reproduction isn't enough!

Answer 18

varies widely between and among reflects an OPTIMAL EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGY for maximizing fitness

Answer 19

is to provide SUFFICIENT CARE, BUT NO MORE than absolutely necessary to produce successful offspring

Answer 20

extent to which parents COMPROMISE their ability to produce ADDITIONAL OFFSPRING in order to assist current offspring

Answer 21

the sex making the larger investment in the offspring the sex that contributes fewer resources to offspring success COMPETE among themselves to be chosen most mammals: females are choosier and invest the most parental care

Answer 22

maternal or paternal behavour

Answer 23

1. offspring's MATURITY AT BIRTH 2. NUMBER of offspring 3. SURVIVAL FIT of the offspring

Answer 24

1. precocial born offspring 2. altricial born offspring

Answer 25

born/hatched at ADVANCED stage of development require little/no parental intervention for survival have fur (thermoregulation), can walk and see ie. guinea pigs

Answer 26

born/hatched at EARLY stage of development generally quite helpless, require substantial parental care to survive ie. kangaroos

Answer 27

neither, we're SEMI-PRECOCIALS born in INTERMEDIATE state between altricial and precocial

Answer 28

in between precocial and altricial born with some degree of development and independence but still need parental investment ie. humans

Answer 29

1. correctly (little margin for error) 2. initially must be performed without previous experience 3. must begin immediately after hatching/birth

Answer 30

1. day or two before giving birth, pregnant dog BUILDS NEST in which she'll deliver her babies 2. as each pup is born, mother behaves solicitously toward it - licks off amniotic fluid - licks membranes and anogenital region (stimulates elimination of wastes and other physiological processes) 3. know how to lay down to expose nipples to nurse 4. retrieves puppies if they stray 5. show maternal aggression to intruders

Answer 31

altricial 1. blind and partially deaf 2. coats aren't completely established 3. thermoregulatory and locomotor abilities aren't fully developed

Answer 32

hormones associated with pregnancy and lactation they affect motivation to engage in parental care they are important in initiating and maintaining maternal care

Answer 33

wane the waning of many maternal behaviours nursing and many other behaviours completely disappear after a few additional weeks

Answer 34

maternal with exception of most birds and some fish, paternal behaviour is rare in the animal kingdom

Answer 35

because females and males differ in how they can best MAXIMIZE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS

Answer 36

females: tend to put majority of their reproductive effort into parental care because each offspring reps a substantial proportion of a female's lifetime investment of time and resources

Answer 37

show how many resources women put into offspring - helps explain their investment in parental care 1. pregnancy lasts 9 months 2. lactation-induced infertility delays further reproductive efforts for another year or two during this same time, a man could potentially fertilize hundreds of women

Answer 38

amenorrhea: menstruation interruption temporary postnatal infertility that occurs when a woman is breastfeeding

Answer 39

1. high levels of prolactin (from breastfeeding) suppresses hypothalamic neurons that directly control release of GnRH 2. less GnRH secretion leads to decreased LH production by anterior pituitary 3. inadequate LH inhibits progression of follicular phase, resulting in no ovulation and amenorrhea

Answer 40

mothers who are using surrogates will do this, same-sex partnerships 1. hormonal therapy 2. breast stimulation 3. regular breast pumping/nursing to mimic conditions that promote milk production

Answer 41

1. efforts in mating/parental behaviour 2. birth developmental stage of offspring 3. how males are able to meet offspring's needs

Answer 42

FEMALES: mating with additional males while pregnant/lactating does nothing to increase reproductive success - unless this provides resources to female/offspring MALES: reproductive success depends on the number of females he fertilizes - so males deliberate on whether it's more advantageous to forgo additional mating opportunities or to help raise his offspring

Answer 43

depending on offspring's required level of care, in some situations TWO ADULTS are required to guarantee survival of the young this is the case in many AVIAN species can be observed if parental males achieve higher reproductive success than non-parental males

Answer 44

ie. males birds are just as capable as females of providing parental care (nest construction, egg incubation, feeding) male and female birds can regurgitate meals and feed to young SHARP CONTRAST with most mammalian species, in which only the mother can meet offsprings' nutritional demands

Answer 45

diversity development a) biparental b) female only (chickens) c) adoptive (alloparental care - provided by individuals other than their genetic parents)

Answer 46

1. blood serum from BROODY HEN could induce a non-incubating hen to sit on a clutch of eggs 2. increased blood concentrations of prolactin = associated with broodiness in ALL FEMALE BIRDS studied to date 3. after maternal behaviour has been initiated by hormones, virtually ANY CONTACT, even when provided by the young of ANOTHER SPECIES (cats), is sufficient to maintain normal broody behaviour in the hen

Answer 47

1. sex steroids INCREASE coincident with onset of COURTSHIP behaviour 2. PEAK during time of EGG LAYING (ovioposition) 3. RAPIDLY DECREASE to baseline prior to INCUBATION

Answer 48

if egg is fertilized, PROLACTIN concentrations begin to INCREASE at time of egg laying they REMAIN HIGH during incubation DROP OFF GRADUALLY to baseline during post-hatching care

Answer 49

the amount of care provided to the offspring levels = increased in BREEDING individuals and HELPERS

Answer 50

elevated food consumption by the breeding pair presumably to support foraging for insects for the squab as prolactin falls, the crop mixture changes from crop milk at hatching to mainly seeds/insects

Answer 51

prolactin higher prolactin post-laying = more crop milk

Answer 52

although all avian species display elevated prolactin concentrations during incubation... precocial: prolactin concentrations DECLINE at time of hatching altricial: prolactin concentrations remain high throughout chick rearing

Answer 53

its increase is only observed close to parturition (birth) mammalian species display elevated ESTROGEN concentrations around the time of birth, and these hormones are critical for ONSET of MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR so not just prolactin - estrogen too

Answer 54

high concentrations of BOTH ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY followed by precipitous drop in concentrations of both steroids at patrurition (birth)

Answer 55

contribute to onset of POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION in some women although exact mechanisms aren't fully understood

Answer 56

around time of parturition and are maintained afterwards

Answer 57

contributes to smooth muscle contractions necessary for giving birth

Answer 58

endorphins aka natural opioids controversial may reduce pain during childbirth, may be involved in maternal behaviour

Answer 59

increase 1. elevation of cortisol concentrations may serve to LOWER PROGESTERONE concentrations 2. in addition to SUPPRESSING IMMUNE REACTIONS of the mother towards her fetus

Answer 60

failed experiences can also influence maternal behaviour

Answer 61

in nulliparous (individuals that have never given birth) rats, transfusion of BLOOD from a NEW MOTHER is associated with maternal behaviour ONLY IF sensitization occurred (blood transfusions over at least 4-6 days) conclusion: SENSITIZATION is required to induce maternal behaviour in nulliparous females

Answer 62

sensitization

Answer 63

protection of offspring from predators is an important component of maternal care maternal aggression is one mechanism by which female mammals protect their offspring

Answer 64

hormones but hormonal control of maternal aggression differs from hormonal control of other components of maternal behaviour because it is RARELY OBSERVED IN ABSENCE OF THE OFFSPRING

Answer 65

no ie. maternal aggression - in this case, the presence of pups and various other factors also influence the onset and expression of maternal aggression

Answer 66

1. progesterone treatment elevates rate of aggressive behaviour 2. pseudo pregnant females become more aggressive as blood concentrations of progesterone increase 3. pregnant dams begin to show signs of maternal aggression when peak concentrations of progesterone occur 4. surgical pregnancy termination, which reduces progesterone, eliminates maternal aggression, and progesterone replacement partially restores maternal aggression

Answer 67

testosterone - more related to aggression in males progesterone - more related to aggression in females

Answer 68

1. questionnaires - collect info about mothers' perceptions of their behaviours, attitudes, and feelings 2. behaviour analysis - behavioural responses of new mothers to their 3-4 day old infants are recorded - responses like patting, cuddling, kissing the baby are scored and classified

Answer 69

1. hedonic ratings of a variety of infant-associated odours (ie. body, urine, feces) were found to be more pleasant by new mothers than nonmothers 2. mothers and fathers were more likely to correctly identify t-shirts that had been worn by their own infants 3. mothers and fathers could also discriminate between the odours of two samples of amniotic fluid and identify the fluid associated with their own infant

Answer 70

1. hormone concentrations 2. learning

Answer 71

within the CNS, receptors for OXYTOCIN and VASOPRESSIN are found in the: 1. OLFACTORY system 2. limbic-hypothalamic system 3. ventral forebrain 4. brainstem 5. spinal cord

Answer 72

vomeronasal organ > accessory olfactory bulb > medial nuclei of amygdala > 1) bed nucleus of stria terminalis 2) medial preoptic area oxytocin triggers cascade of events following this pathway, which leads to maternal behaviours in rodents, attraction to newborn odors depends predominantly on PHEROMONAL olfactory cues detected by VOMERONASAL organ and transmitted to ACCESSORY OLFACTORY BULB and thus to the AMYGDALA - these structures are rich in oxytocin receptors

Answer 73

lesions anywhere along this pathway interfere with CHEMOSENSORY PROCESSING and IMPEDE maternal behaviour

Answer 74

example of parental behaviour in humans patting, cuddling, kissing the baby talking, singing, cooing to the baby these all show CORRELATIONS WITH HORMONES

Answer 75

cortisol cortisol was positively associated with approach behaviour women who had high concentrations of blood cortisol (in samples obtained immediately before or after nursing): 1. engaged in more physically affectionate behaviours 2. talked more often to their babies more so than mothers with low cortisol concentrations

Answer 76

no but it may act indirectly on the quality of maternal care by evoking an INCREASE in mother's GENERAL LEVEL OF AROUSAL

Answer 77

in FIRST-TIME MOTHERS in whom hormonal effects would presumably be most necessary

Answer 78

parents with high oxytocin levels displayed significantly MORE AFFECTIONATE contact compared to parents with low oxytocin constructed the interaction towards readiness for social engagement by increasing social salience in response to infant social gaze

Answer 79

the highest levels of maternal BONDING when observed with their infants

Answer 80

1. higher levels of prolactin 2. decrease in testosterone concentrations seem to mediate paternal behaviour

Answer 81

oxytocin levels significantly increased cortisol levels significantly decreased during and after SKIN-TO-SKIN contact engaging in more parental care (skin to skin contact) creates positive feedback

Answer 82

status three groups were compared: 1. fathers 2. expectant 1st time fathers 3. unmated singles

Answer 83

1. unmated males displayed relatively LOW parental behaviour (19%) 2. expectant fathers displayed AVERAGE levels of parenting (56%) 3. fathers displayed HIGH parental behaviour (80%) ^maps on to prolactin levels (they're highest in mothers, followed by fathers, expectant fathers...)

Answer 84

no unlike in birds and most mammals, in which higher testosterone levels are associated with low paternal care and even infanticide, testosterone appears necessary for paternal behaviour in California mice

Answer 85

reduction in paternal behaviour and testosterone replacement maintained high levels of paternal behaviour

Answer 86

through its conversion to ESTRADIOL California mice fathers have more aromatase activity than non-fathers in the MPOA (a brain area know to regulate maternal care)

Answer 87

a brain area known to regulate maternal care California mouse fathers have more aromatase activity than non-fathers in the MPOA - and aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol

Answer 88

no! think about the california mice testosterone is converted into estradiol which promotes paternal behaviour castrated mice show reduced paternal behaviour

Answer 89

testosterone - fathers have higher estradiol - fathers have lower testosterone prolactin cortisol - father have lower cortisol

Answer 90

1. fathers who hear baby's cries are more sympathetic and alert than controls 2. fathers with low testosterone levels felt more sympathy and need to respond to baby cries essentially, human fathers are more responsive than non-fathers - as a result of hormones and parenting experience

Answer 91

1. prefrontal cortex (PFC) 2. amygdala 3. bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) 4. mesolimbic dopamine pathway 5. hypothalamus 6. medial preoptic area (MPOA)

Answer 92

1. regulation of parental behaviours 2. processing of social cues related to offspring

Answer 93

1. emotional processing and social behaviour more broadly 2. regulation of maternal/parental behaviours 3. processing of social cues related to offspring

Answer 94

part of the extended amygdala 1. stress responses 2. social behaviours 3. reproductive behaviours 4. parental care activated when parent hears baby cry

Answer 95

bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)

Answer 96

includes regions like the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and (nucleus acccumbens) NAc 1. reward and motivation 2. reinforcement of parental behaviours 3. processing of rewarding aspects of caregiving

Answer 97

regulates various physiological processes 1. involved in release of hormones related to parenting (oxytocin, vasopressin) 2. crucial role in maternal/paternal behaviours (nest building, pup retrieval, caregiving)

Answer 98

1. regulation of maternal/paternal care 2. mating 3. sexual behaviour

Answer 99

1. social behaviour encompasses interactions between individuals from which one or more of the individuals benefit 2. purposely broad definition: includes aggressive behaviour, particularly in context of territorial defence and infant protection 3. also includes non-hostile interactions: affiliation, courtship, arental parental behaviours

Answer 100

1. ANTIPREDATOR: detection, defense and dilution (dispersion) 2. elevated FORAGING efficiency: search for and consumption of food and resources in environment 3. group DEFENSE of RESOURCES 4. increased MATING opportunities

Answer 101

1. increased DISEASE transmission 2. increased COMPETITION for RESOURCES (food, mates, nesting site) 3. increased CONSPICUOUSNESS to predators

Answer 102

must be outweighed by the benefits

Answer 103

form of social behaviour that involves individual's MOTIVATION TO APPROACH and remain in CLOSE PROXIMITY with a CONSPECIFIC

Answer 104

parental behaviour HORMONES associated with regulation of parental behaviour may have been CO-OPTED over evolution to serve as MODULATORS of some features of prosocial behaviours

Answer 105

bats can spot FREELOADERS (those that never go out to hunt because it's easier to sit in cave and wait for someone to bring food to them) and REFUSE to FEED them hormonally marked as 'lazy bats'

Answer 106

affiliation

Answer 107

formation of SOCIAL FAMILIARITY

Answer 108

pheromonal OLFACTORY cues detected by Vomeronasal organ with successive activations of pheromonal cues, a sense of familiarity occurs through action of oxytocin

Answer 109

detection: vomeronasal organ > olfactory bulb > amygdala > amygdala is rich in oxycotin receptors

Answer 110

another stranger is introduced this activation and observable behaviours = used as QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT of social recognition memory

Answer 111

1. activity of the pheromonal olfactory pathway 2. easily observed behaviours

Answer 112

to develop social memory

Answer 113

1. interferes with chemosensory processing 2. impedes maternal behaviour 3. impedes social familiarity

Answer 114

1. oxytocin group: females injected with oxytocin and housed with strange male for 6 hours 2. placebo group: females injected with placebo and housed with strange male for 6 hours PREFERENCE TEST: free choice between two compartments: housing male she was previously partnered with or with a new strange male RESULTS: oxytocin group showed significant preference for the FAMILIAR male over the new male

Answer 115

injection of oxytocin receptor antagonist directly into the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS blocks formation of partner preferences in female

Answer 116

VASOPRESSIN rather than oxytocin appears to play a more important role in social familiarity studies demonstrate that infusions of vasopressin facilitates partner preference

Answer 117

although EXOGENOUS administration of both oxytocin and vasopressin facilitates pair bond formation in both sexes... 1. ENDOGENOUS OXYTOCIN seems more important in pair bonding formation in FEMALES 2. ENDOGENOUS VASOPRESSIN appears to be more important for MALES mechanism underlying this diff = mysterious - because distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin receptors is similar in both sexes

Answer 118

oxytocin plasma concentrations couples displaying HIGH INTERACTIVE RECIPROCITY scores had elevated plasma oxytocin concentrations 3 months into relationship individuals in COUPLES had higher oxytocin concentrations than singles

Answer 119

boost intra-nasally injected oxytocin in both males and females men exposed to oxytocin perceived and rate female partners as more attractive than female strangers associated with different activations in the NAc

Answer 120

oxytocin: - higher affiliation rate with human companion and with other dogs saline: - lower affiliation rate with human companion and with other dogs

Answer 121

1. men with lower testosterone levels = more likely to MARRY 2. married men with high testosterone levels = more likely to DIVORCE 4. single men had 21% higher testosterone levels compared to married men 5. males who had been in committed relationship in the past (but were now single) had significantly higher levels of testosterone than males who had never had a romantic relationship 6. polyamorous males had high levels of testosterone - similar to single males

Answer 122

partnership (in males)

Answer 123

seasonal variation summer: - HIGH circulating sex steroid hormone concentrations tend to be associated with LOW TOLERANCE for close proximity of same sex peers winter: - LOW circulating sex steroid hormones/reduction in concentrations permits SOCIAL TOLERANCE and PROSOCIAL interactions

Answer 124

higher levels of testosterone = correlated with increased aggression across various species testosterone influences NEURAL CIRCUITS and NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS involved in aggression can also be influenced by SOCIAL CONTEXT and SEX

Answer 125

from lowest to highest minister salesman fireman professor physician NFL player

Answer 126

type of crime: a) violent crime offenders had higher testosterone levels than nonviolent ones prison rule violations: a) those with some prison rule violations had higher testosterone than those with no rule violations

Answer 127

in men: a) winning elevates testosterone concentrations b) this increase is associated with subsequent aggression c) losing decreases testosterone in women: a) winning doesn't change testosterone levels b) aggression is lower

Answer 128

1. onset of parental behaviour vary according to developmental level of offspring at birth, and parental investment 2. steroid and oxytocin systems may act to 'maternalize' the brain during pregnancy and parturition 3. oxytocin and vasopressin may facilitate early stages of social bond formation - these actions focus on dopamine reward pathways in the NAc and ventral pallidum (so hormones influence limbic system emotional centres and dopaminergic reward centres) 4. social behaviour involves interactions between individuals in which one or more of the animals benefit from the interaction 5. affiliative behaviours are affected by peptide hormones like vasopressin and oxytocin, and by glucocorticoids (all of which also influence parental behaviours) 6. androgens are linked to aggressive behaviour by several kinds of circumstantial evidence

Answer 129

pregnancy/motherhood is a critical developmental time for the female brain hormones change dramatically during pregnancy (more than any other time during life) use rodent models enhanced sense of smell in mothers, increased neuronal growth in maternal areas, hippocampus shows neuronal growth changes in brain translate to changes in behaviour mother rats are bolder - fend off threats changes in brain/behaviour persist throughout female's lifespan with each pregnancy/birth, these effects accumulate but we know very little about the HUMAN maternal brain - there's a critical knowledge gap

Answer 130

mothers show a DOWN-REGULATION OF STRESS RESPONSES pregnant woman presented with a stressor, stress hormone and HR/BP responses will be LOWER than non-pregnant woman women who experienced earthquake during first trimester rated it as MORE STRESSFUL than women who experienced it in the second trimester and those who experienced it in the third rate it as even LESS STRESSFUL

Answer 131

pregnant women show a down-regulated stress response (lower stress hormones and lower HR/BP responses) 1. PROTECTS mother from adverse effects of stress a) mothers who don't experience this downregulation are at increased risk for delivering a PRE-TERM INFANT 2. enhances mother's ability to FEND OFF THREATS a) decreased fear = better ability to respond to threat

Answer 132

yes! more likely to aggress upon provocation

Answer 133

show the most aggression in response to provocation suggests that the down-regulated stress response is helping to fend off these threats

Answer 134

emotions like fear, anger and disgust makes mom better at identifying threats

Answer 135

verbal memory like recalling word lists these effects are cumulative performance decreases as women have more and more children

Answer 136

we don't know verbal memory effects do stretch onto the first year postpartum, but beyond that we don't know

Answer 137

increase in grey matter volume full of neurons increased grey matter in brain regions involved in INFANT CARE

Answer 138

the largest increases in grey matter volume

parental and social behaviour Flashcards

(164 cards)