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Intro to Psychobiology > Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 monoamine neurotransmitters.

A

Dopamine
Noradrenalin
5-HT/Serotonin

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2
Q

What are the two catecholamines?

A

Dopamine and noradrenalin

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3
Q

What is the indolamine?

A

5-HT/Serotonin

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4
Q

Is dopamine ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

Metabotropic

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5
Q

Where are dopamine cell bodies located?

A

Substantia nigra.

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6
Q

Which part of the brain is the substantia nigra in?

A

Midbrain/mesencephalon

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7
Q

What colour are the dopamine cell bodies?

A

Black

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8
Q

Where do the dopamine cell bodies project dopamine to?

A

The striatum

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9
Q

What is the largest component of the basal ganglia?

A

The striatum

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10
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Collections of subcortical nuclei deep in the cerebral hemisphere.

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11
Q

What are the two parts of the striatum?

A

Dorsal and ventral

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12
Q

What does the dorsal striatum contain?

A

The caudate nucleus and putamen

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13
Q

What does the ventral striatum contain?

A

Nucleus accumbens

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14
Q

What is the caudate nucleus responsible for?

A

Learning and inhibition

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15
Q

What is the putamen responsible for?

A

Motor skills and motor learning

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16
Q

What are the nucleus accumbens responsible for?

A

Reward, motivation, addiction and fear.

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17
Q

Which part of the brain is the basal ganglia in?

A

The forebrain/telencephalon

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18
Q

What does the nigrostriatal pathway do?

A

Connects dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (midbrain) to the caudate nucleus and putamen -> dorsal striatum -> basal ganglia.

Also contains axons which allow dopamine neurons to travel from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens -ventral striatum.

19
Q

What is the MFB and what does it do?

A

Medial forebrain bundle. Takes dopamine neurons from the substantia nigra to the striatum

20
Q

What does cardinal mean?

A

Most significant/important.

21
Q

What are the three cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • Rigidity
  • Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
  • Tremors
22
Q

Why does Parkinson’s disease occur?

A

Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra degenerate.

23
Q

What is it that causes the cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

The loss of dopamine in the striatum.

24
Q

What percentage of dopamine neurons have to be lost before symptoms of Parkinson’s start to appear?

A

80%

25
Q

What is the main treatment of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Dopamine replacement therapy.

26
Q

Describe the sequence of dopamine synthesis.

A
  • Tyrosine converted to levodopa with tyrosine hydroxylase.

- Levodopa converted to dopamine with DOPA decarboxylase.

27
Q

What is noradrenalin made from?

A

Dopamine

28
Q

Which enzyme converts dopamine to noradrenalin?

A

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase.

29
Q

What is the rate limiting step in dopamine synthesis?

A

The conversion of tyrosine to levodopa.

30
Q

What does the mesocortical pathway do?

A

Projects dopamine from the ventral tegmental area to the cerebral cortex and limbic structures (nucleus accumbens) - linked to reward and motivation.

31
Q

What is the VTA?

A

Ventral tegmental area - alternative site, near to the substantia nigra, where dopamine neurons collect.

32
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

+ Psychosis; hallucinations, delusions (of grandeur, control and persecution)
+ Thought disorder

33
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia associated with?

A

The excess dopamine (transmission)

34
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • Lack of emotion
  • Inability to experience pleasure.
  • Social withdrawal
  • Poverty of speech
35
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia associated with?

A

Prefrontal cortex damage.

36
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A
  • Schizophrenia occurs as a result of the action of agonists and antagonists of dopamine.
  • Positive symptoms result from excess dopamine transmission.
37
Q

What is the drug that is used against the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Chlorpromazine - blocks dopamine D-@ receptors.

38
Q

What is the effect that chlorpromazine has on neuroses and mood disorders?

A

Very little.

39
Q

What are antipsychotic medicines also referred to?

A

Neuroleptics.

40
Q

What can cause psychoses in people that do not even have schizophrenia?

A

Drugs which increase the transmission of dopamine. e.g Amphetamine.

41
Q

What are the short term consequences of drug treatment in schizophrenia?

A
  • Parkinson’s like symptoms
42
Q

What are the long term consequences of drug treatment in schizophrenia?

A

Abnormal, involuntary movements, especially of the tongue and face.
= tardive dyskinesia.

43
Q

What are the negative consequences of treating Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Dyskinesia

- Psychoses (visual & usually not scary)

Intro to Psychobiology (8 decks)

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