Parkinsonism & PD Flashcards
(29 cards)
Parkinsonism is a symptom complex characterised by…
- Akinesia/Bradykinesia
- Rigidity
- Rest Tremors
- Postural Imbalance
Parkinsonism is classified into…
- Idiopathic/Primary
- Secondary
- Parkinson-Plus Syndromes.
Which is the most common form of Parkinsonism ?
Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease.
What are the core clinical features of parkinsonism?
Akinesia/bradykinesia, rigidity, rest tremors, and postural imbalance.
How is parkinsonism classified?
Idiopathic/Primary, Secondary, Parkinson-plus syndromes, and heredodegenerative diseases.
Give examples of secondary parkinsonism causes.
Drugs (e.g., neuroleptics, anti-emetics), vascular disease, infections, toxins, trauma, tumors.
Which drugs can induce parkinsonism?
Neuroleptics, anti-emetics, dopamine depleters, lithium, α-methyldopa.
Name some toxins associated with parkinsonism.
Carbon disulphide, carbon monoxide, cyanide, ethanol, MPTP.
What are Parkinson-plus syndromes?
Disorders such as MSA, PSP, CBGD, FTD, Alzheimer’s disease, and diffuse Lewy body disease.
What is Parkinson’s Disease?
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder involving loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.
Who first described PD and when?
James Parkinson in 1817 as ‘the shaking palsy.’
What percentage of Parkinsonism cases does PD account for?
Up to 80%.
What is the average age of onset of PD?
55 years.
List risk factors for PD.
Age, male gender, genetics, exposure to pesticides, industrial proximity, blacksmithing.
What are the hallmark pathological features of PD?
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc, reduced dopamine in the striatum, Lewy bodies.
What is the effect of dopamine deficiency in PD?
It leads to hypokinesia due to increased inhibition of motor thalamic nuclei.
List the cardinal features of PD.
Rest tremors, akinesia/bradykinesia, rigidity, asymmetry at onset, L-Dopa responsiveness, postural instability.
What is the most effective medication for PD motor symptoms?
Levodopa, especially combined with carbidopa.
What are the side effects of long-term Levodopa use?
Motor fluctuations and dyskinesia.
What is Entacapone used for?
COMT inhibitor used to reduce end-of-dose wearing off of Levodopa.
Name a combination drug that includes carbidopa, levodopa, and entacapone.
Stalevo.
What is a unique side effect of Tolcapone?
Hepatotoxicity and possible hepatic failure.
Name some dopamine agonists.
Pramipexole, ropinirole, pergolide, bromocriptine.
What do MAO-B inhibitors like selegiline do?
Inhibit dopamine breakdown; selegiline is irreversible.
