parliamentry law making

Question 1

what is parliamentary law making

Answer 1

refers to the process by which laws are created amended or repealed in the UK Parliamnet.
This process involves the devlopment of ideas into legasltive propsals. Known as bills. which are tehn debated, scrutinized and voted upon by both houses of parliament before recieivng royal assent.

Question 2

green papers

Answer 2

is a consultation document issued by the government that sets out various ideas and proposal’s for legalisation. It is intended to provoke discussion, invite feedback from interest parties and gather opinions before a bill is drafter. Green papers are often used for significant legislative reforms where the government seeks input from public, experts and stakeholdres.

purpose nof geen paper - to consult and gather nopinions before legislation is formally drafted

example - the green paper on justice and security 2011 - sought views on propseed changes to the handling od sensite evidence in civivl courts.

Question 3

purpose nof geen paper

Answer 3

to consult and gather opinions before legislation is formally drafted

Question 4

white papers

Answer 4

a white paper is a olicy document that outlines tehe governmnets firm proposal for legislation after considering the feedback from the green paper stage. It providess more detaiil then a green paper and serves asa a statnemnt of intent regarding the upcoming bill

propose of a white paper - to set out governments final policy position and legislative propsals before drafring teh bill

examplew - the white paper on education reform - laid out specific proposals for changes in the school sysytem.

Question 5

propose of a white paper

Answer 5

to set out governments final policy position and legislative proposals before drafting the bill

Question 6

the formal legislative process

Answer 6

the legislative process in parliament follows a structured sequence of stages, designed to ensure through debate, scrutiny and amendments or proposed laws.

Question 7

first reading

Answer 7

The bill is introduced to Parliament and its title anf main objectives are read out.

There is no debate at this stage, and it sserves as formsl noticec to parliamnet that the bill exists.

Question 8

purpose of first reading

Answer 8

to formally introduce the bill to parliament

Question 9

second reading

Answer 9

The bill is tehn debated on its generel principls and objectives. Memebers s of parliament and lords discuess wherther the bill is necessary and teh generel policy behind ity. After the debate, a vote is held to decide wherther the bill hsoudl proceed.

Question 10

purpose of second reading

Answer 10

to debate tand vote on the overall purpose of teh bill

key vote - a bill tat passes teh secod reading moves foward to teh commitee stage.

Question 11

commitee stage

Answer 11

teh bill is examined ind etail by a comitee oif MPs or lords. Each clause of teh bioll is scrutinizedn and amenments may be propsed in debate.
In teh hous eof commons, tis stage is usualyyy conducted by a public bill commitee, but for important bills the hwoel hpouse may sit as comitee.

Question 12

purpose of commitee stage

Answer 12

to conduct a detailed examonattion of teh bills proviaions and suggests amendemnts

Question 13

report stage

Answer 13

aste rteh commitee stage had finshsed examinig teh billol any amendmnets made during teh comitee stage are rported back to teh whoel house. further amendments xabn ve made and the houses vote on them

Question 14

purpose of teh report stage

Answer 14

to consider teh bill with alla mendments from teh commitee tsage

Question 14

Third reading

Answer 14

the final verison of thebill is debated. focusing on teh overall form of wherther it shoulkd become law. no further amendments can be made at tis stage a vote is tehnm held.

Question 15

Influences on parliament

Answer 15

Various factors and bodies influence tehcretaion of laws by parliamenr, including polticla parties, punlic opinion and media, presure groups and law reform bodeis

Question 15

purpose of third reading

Answer 15

to finalize teh bill and decide whether is hsould pas

Question 16

The house of lords

Answer 16

if teh bill started in teh hous eof commons. it is then snet to teh hosue of lords for a simialr process od reaidngs, debate an dmaendments. If teh lords suggest chnage, the bill is snet back to teh hosu eoif commons for approval of teh ammendmnets.
This process is known as Ping pong until both hosues agree

Question 17

purpose of house of lords

Answer 17

to allow the lords to scrutinixe and emnd teh bill

Question 18

Royal assent

Answer 18

Once both hosues have agreed on teh final verison of the bill, it is snet to teh monarch for formal approval. Once royala ssent is grnated teh bill becomes an act odf parliamnet and has teh force of law.

Question 18

purpose of royal assent

Answer 18

to formally enact the bill into law

note -n royal assent is now a formlaoty and teh monarch does nit refuse it

Question 19

political parties

Answer 19

political parties play a amjor role in shaping law-making. the prty in power sets the legislative agenda and introcudces teh majority of teh bills, often based on its manifetso commitments.

Oppoisiti apties also influence legislation by debating bills, propsog ama=endmnets abd raisnf publci awareness of issues.

Question 20

example of poltcial parties

Answer 20

a government with a strog majority can usually pas its legislative agenda, as seen with conservative governmnet introcuctuion of brexit related legislation following the 2016b referendum

Question 21

public opiniom amd media

Answer 21

• can shape legislation particulary on high-profile issues.
  if teh mdia highlights an issue taht resonates iwth teh public. Parliamnet may reposnd by passing legisltion toa dress it

Question 22

example of public opinion and media

Answer 22

the dangerous dog act 1991 -m introdcued follwong public concer and teh emdia ocverage of attack sby dangerous dogs

Question 23

pressure groups

Answer 23

pressure groups advocate for specific causes and attempt to influence parliament to introduce, amend or repeal awl's. sectional pressue groups epresnetg partcuklar sections of society (e.g trade unions) while cause grous focus on specific issues (e.g environmental or human right issues)

Question 24

example of pressure group s

Answer 24

The equlaity act 2010 was influenced by pressur groups from groups advovating for stronger anti-discrimination laws

Question 25

law reform bodies

Answer 25

Bodeis such as law commission and royal commissision are tasked with reviwieng and suggesting reforms to existing laws, The law commission is an idnepenednat body tat reveiws areas of teh law and propsoes chnages too ensure that the law is fair, modern and accessibile

Question 26

example of law reform bodies

Answer 26

teh law commission has influences reforms in areas such as family law and criminal justice

Question 27

the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy

Answer 27

also known as parliamnetry soverignty is a fundmenetal principle of teh Ul costitution. It means that parliamnet is the supreme legal authority in teh uk and has the power ro make amend or repeal any law. no otehr body, including courts can overrule an act of parliament.

Question 28

key features of the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy

Answer 28

parliament can amke or inmake any laws - tehre is no legal limit tioo teh laws parliamnet can apss no parliamnet can bind its sucessors - each parliamet is osvereign and can ammend or repeal laws made buy previosu parliament no court can question tehvaldity opf an acr of parliamnet - courtsmust apply legislation even if tehy disagree with it.

Question 29

limitation of parlimanettry supremcy

Answer 29

although parliamet is theoreticaly supre,e, they have certain limitaions. e.g. the human right act devolution , European union law (pre-brexit) international law

Question 30

e.g. the human right act

Answer 30

the u=huamn right act requires Uk court to interpret legislation ina way ta is compatinle with the European Convention on Human rights (ECHR) While courts cannot strike down on acts of parliamnt that conflit with the ECHr, they can issue a declaration of incompatibility puting pressure on parliament to ammend the law

Question 31

European union law (pre-brexit)

Answer 31

before brexit, EU law had suprememcy over UK law in areas covered by teh EU treties. This meant that the Uk legislation taht conflicted iwthEU law had rto be set side by teh courts example - the factortame case 1990 established teh supremecy of EU law over domestic law when the YUk courts disaaplied parts of the merchant shipping act 1988 becauseit conflcited with teh EU law.

Question 33

devolution

Answer 33

tehcreatin of devoloved legisaltures in scotland wales and northern island has limited the supremecy of teh Uk parliamnet in certain areas. for example teh Scottish parliamnet has teh powers to make laws on education, health and criminal justice within scotland,