Part 1 Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Which kind of electromagnetic waves provide heat loss by radiation?
Select one:
a) Ultraviolet waves (10nm - 400nm)
b) Microwaves (1mm - 1m)
c) Infrared waves (700nm - 1mm)
d) Visible waves (400nm - 700nm)
e) X-ray waves (0,01nm - 10nm)
A
c) Infrared waves (700nm - 1mm)
2
Q
Lung compliance in emphysema is increased:
Select one:
a) True
b) False
A
a) True
3
Q
Which transport form of carbon dioxide transport the most of it from
tissue to lung?
Select one:
a) carbaminohemoglobin
b) in bicarbonates in blood plasma (also known as hydrogen carbonate)
c) bound to plasma protein
d) dissolved carbon dioxide in blood plasma (3rd)
e) carboxyhemoglobin (2nd)
A
b) in bicarbonates in blood plasma (also known as hydrogen carbonate)
4
Q
Which from these substances can be found in the bile?
Select one or more:
a) Sodium ions
b) lipase
c) lecithin
d) cholecystokinin
e) bile salts
A
a) Sodium ions
c) lecithin
e) bile salts
5
Q
Orexigenic (appetite stimulant) stimuli are:
Select one or more:
a) Leptin
b) Insulin
c) Peptide YY
d) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
e) Ghrelin
A
e) Ghrelin
6
Q
Which of the following is the site of Na+
- bile acid cotransport ?
Select one:
a. duodenum
b. gastric antrum
c. ileum
d. jejunum
e. colon
A
c. ileum
7
Q
Parathyroid hormone effects in the nephron are:
Select one or more:
a) ↓Ca++ reabsorption
b) ↑Ca++ reabsorption
c) ↓Phosphate reabsorption
d) ↑phosphate reabsorption
A
b) ↑Ca++ reabsorption
c) ↓Phosphate reabsorption
8
Q
Primary urine is blood plasma with substances with high molecular weight!
Select one:
a) True
b) False
A
b) False
9
Q
Heat loss mechanism by sweating is:
Select one:
a) Evaporation
b) Conduction
c) Convection
d) Radiation
A
a) Evaporation
10
Q
What is the most typical size of the inspiratory reserve volume for healthy
adult male person?
Select one:
a) 3000 ml
b) 6000 ml
c) 100 ml
d) 500 ml
e) 1000 ml
A
a) 3000 ml
11
Q
Which of the following methods can be used for the residual volume
determination?
Select one or more:
a) Doubly-labeled water method
b) Full body plethysmography
c) Nitrogen washout method
d) From the ?? volume loop
e) Helium dilution method
A
b) Full body plethysmography
c) Nitrogen washout method
e) Helium dilution method
12
Q
Vasopressin in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct binds to
which receptor?
Select one:
a) V3
b) V2
c) V1
A
b) V2
13
Q
How much is normal CO2 partial pressure in arterial blood?
Select one:
a) 27 mmHg
b) 40 mmHg
c) 100 mmHg (O2 partial pressure in arterial blood)
d) 60 mmHg
e) 46 mmHg (venous blood, PCO2)
A
b) 40 mmHg
14
Q
What is correct about the protein digestion and absorption in the
gastrointestinal tract?
Select one or more:
a) they can be digested by enzymes on brush border of small intestine
b) amino acids absorb through the basolateral surface of intestinal cell via
facilitated diffusion
c) di-peptides can absorb through the apical surface of intestinal cell via symport
with sodium
d) they are broken down by hydrochloric acid
e) they can be absorbed in oral cavity
A
a) they can be digested by enzymes on brush border of small intestine
b) amino acids absorb through the basolateral surface of intestinal cell via
facilitated diffusion
15
Q
What from mentioned is correct about the protein digestion and absorption in
the gastrointestinal tract?
Select one or more:
a) It begins in the small intestine
b) There are enzymes on the brush border that can digest them
c) Dipeptides absorb through the apical surface with the primary active transport
d) Amino acids can be released through basolateral surface via facilitated
diffusion
e) Cholecystokinin can digest them
A
b) There are enzymes on the brush border that can digest them
d) Amino acids can be released through basolateral surface via facilitated
diffusion
16
Q
Which of these parameters will decrease in case of bronchoconstriction?
Select one or more:
a) residual volume
b) tidal volume
c) peak expiratory flow (PEF)
d) Tiffno index (FEV1/FVC)
e) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)
A
c) peak expiratory flow (PEF)
d) Tiffno index (FEV1/FVC)
e) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)
17
Q
Calculate approximate residual volume of lung for a 210 cm tall male, whose
inspiratory capacity is 3500 ml and tidal volume is 550 ml:
Select one:
a) ∼1500 ml
b) ∼500 ml
c) ∼1000 ml
d) Residual volume can not be determined from the given information
e) ∼2000 ml
A
d) Residual volume can not be determined from the given information
18
Q
Which of the mentioned volumes are included in the vital capacity?
Select one or more:
a) residual volume
b) inspiratory reserve volume
c) tidal volume
d) functional residual volume
e) physiological dead space volume
A
b) inspiratory reserve volume
c) tidal volume
19
Q
Which of these volumes can be in the lung at the end of quiet inspiration?
Select one or more:
a) Expiratory reserve volume
b) Vital capacity
c) Inspiratory reserve volume
d) Residual volume
e) Tidal volume
A
a) Expiratory reserve volume
d) Residual volume
e) Tidal volume
20
Q
What from mentioned occurs during the quiet expiration?
Select one or more:
a) External intercostal muscles contract
b) Person breathes out about 3000 ml of air
c) Internal intercostal muscles contract
d) At the beginning of it pressure in alveoli becomes higher than
atmospheric pressure
e) Pressure in the pleural cavity increases
A
d) At the beginning of it pressure in alveoli becomes higher than
atmospheric pressure
e) Pressure in the pleural cavity increases
Happens in deep expiration: Internal intercostal muscles contract
21
Q
Which of the following is correct regarding the transrespiratory pressure?
Select one or more:
a) If it increases lung volume increases as well
b) If lung compliance greater transrespiratory pressure will be needed to inflate it
c) If it is 0 mmHg, than lung volume is at the residual volume
d) It decreases during quiet expiration
e) It is equal to intrapleural pressure minus atmospheric pressure
A
a) If it increases lung volume increases as well
d) It decreases during quiet expiration
22
Q
What is the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in blood where partial
pressure of oxygen is 40 mmHg?
Select one:
a) 40%
b) 75%
c) 26%
d) 68%
e) 50%
A
b) 75%
23
Q
What from mentioned is correct about physiological dead space?
Select one or more:
a) It includes volume of air in trachea
b) It includes the residual volume of lungs
c) In it constriction of bronchi is stimulated
d) It includes alveoli where gas exchange does not take place
e) In upright position it is more probable in lower parts of the lung
A
a) It includes volume of air in trachea
d) It includes alveoli where gas exchange does not take place
24
Q
Which mechanisms should be stimulated to decrease increased body
temperature?
Select one or more:
a) Contraction of erector pili muscle
b) T3, T4 production
c) Conscious muscle contractions
d) Sweating
e) Vasoconstriction in skin
A
d) Sweating
25
What is correct about the carbohydrate intake within the diet?
Select one or more:
a) In the diet the greatest amount of them should be in monosaccharide form
b) They are mainly used in short term exercise as a main energy substrate
c) They should cover about 15% of daily energy expenditure
d) They give about 4 kcal of energy for a gram of carbohydrates
e) They are only in plant products
b) They are mainly used in short term exercise as a main energy substrate
d) They give about 4 kcal of energy for a gram of carbohydrates
26
What is correct about the carbohydrate intake within the diet?
a. They should cover about 55- 60% of daily energy expenditure
b. They can be found in both - animal and plant products
c. They give out about 7 kcal of energy for gram of carbohydrates
d. The main amount should come from monosaccharides
e. They are predominantly used in short term exercise as main energy
substrate
a. They should cover about 55- 60% of daily energy expenditure
b. They can be found in both - animal and plant products
e. They are predominantly used in short term exercise as main energy
substrate
27
What from mentioned stimulates secretion of the gastric juice?
Select one or more:
a) Histamine
b) Sympathetic nervous system
c) Secretin
d) Acetylcholine acting on M2 receptors
e) Acetylcholine through M3 receptors
a) Histamine
e) Acetylcholine through M3 receptors
28
Which of these factors shift oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left?
Select one or more:
a) Increased partial pressure of CO2
b) Increased amount of hemoglobin
c) Decreased temperature
d) Increased pH
e) Decreased partial pressure of O2
c) Decreased temperature
d) Increased pH
29
What is correct about the saliva secretion?
Select one or more:
a) After ductal processing it is secreted hypertonic
b) Its enzymes begin carbohydrate digestion
c) It contain lipase
d) When saliva secretion rate increases sodium ion concentration in it
increases
e) Basal secretion is about 5 ml/min
b) Its enzymes begin carbohydrate digestion
c) It contain lipase
d) When saliva secretion rate increases sodium ion concentration in it
increases
30
What stimulates motility in the small intestine?
Select one or more:
a) intrinsic factor
b) secretin
c) collapse
d) sympathetic nervous system
e) cholecystokinin
e) cholecystokinin
31
Surfactant increases surface tension in alveoli:
Select one:
a) true
b) false (it decreases surface tension)
b) false (it decreases surface tension)
32
Which of the following substances is released from neurons in the GI and
produces smooth muscle relaxation?
Select one:
a) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
b) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
c) Gastrin
d) secretin
e) cholecystokinin
b) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
33
If we put cell into hypertonic solution, the cell will:
Select one:
a) expand
b) shrink
c) nothing will change
b) shrink
34
Select the nutrient which is digested by each digestive enzyme:
Sucrase:
Trypsin:
Pepsin:
Salivary enzyme:
Lipase:
Options: carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides
Sucrase: Carbohydrates
Trypsin: Proteins
Pepsin: Proteins
Salivary enzyme: Carbohydrates
Lipase: Triglycerides
Calculate energy expenditure during exerci
35
Calculate energy expenditure during exercise for this person (write in whole
number):
Gender male
Age 22 years
Height 176 cm
Weight 69 kg
Basal metabolic rate 1590 kcal/24h
MET 1,6
___2544____ kcal/24h
36
What from mentioned belongs to anabolism:
Select one or more:
a) growth of the body
b) glycolysis
c) synthesis of proteins in muscle cells
d) lipolysis
e) triglycerides synthesis in the fat cells
a) growth of the body
c) synthesis of proteins in muscle cells
e) triglycerides synthesis in the fat cells
37
What is correct about the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Select one or more:
a) It causes vasodilation
b) It is secreted from adrenal cortex
c) Release of it is controlled by releasing hormone from hypothalamus
d) It stimulates potassium secretion in kidneys
e) It stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys
f) It is released when blood osmotic pressure increases
c) Release of it is controlled by releasing hormone from hypothalamus
e) It stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys
f) It is released when blood osmotic pressure increases
38
What is correct about the vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone)?
Select one or more:
a. It increases glucose level in blood
b. It is steroid hormone
c. It increases sodium reabsorption in kidneys
d. It is effector hormone
e. It stimulates growth
c. It increases sodium reabsorption in kidneys
d. It is effector hormone
39
What is normal glucose level in blood?
Select one or more.
a. 60-100 mg/l
b. 3,33-5,55 mmol/l
c. 3,33-555 mmol/l
d. 60-100 mmol/l
e. 7,8-11,0 mg/l
b. 3,33-5,55 mmol/l
40
What is correct about the secretin function in the GI-tract?
Select one or more:
a. It stimulates water and electrolyte secretion in pancreatic juice
b. It decreases the emptying of stomach
c. It is secreted due to fat breakdown products entering in the duodenum
d. It stimulates contractions in the gallbladder
e. It increases peristaltic movements in small intestine
a. It stimulates water and electrolyte secretion in pancreatic juice
b. It decreases the emptying of stomach
41
What are sympathetic effects on the gastrointestinal tract?
Select one or more:
a. Inhibits pancreatic secretion
b. Stimulates chewing
c. Stimulates gastric secretion
d. Increases tonus of the pyloric sphincter
e. Inhibits motility of small intestines
a. Inhibits pancreatic secretion
d. Increases tonus of the pyloric sphincter
e. Inhibits motility of small intestines
42
What is normal basal secretion rate (in ml/min) of saliva?
Answer: 0,5 (0,25-0,50)
43
Put elements of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone (all players in it) system in
the right order (some might be left out)!
Angiotensin II
Angiotensinogen
Aldosterone
Increased potassium reabsorption
Renin
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin converting enzyme
1. Angiotensinogen
2. Increased potassium reabsorption
3. Renin
3. Angiotensin I
4. Angiotensin converting enzyme
5. Angiotensin II
6. Aldosterone
44
What substances can be found in saliva?
Select one or more:
a. Calcium ions
b. Secretin
c. Pepsinogen
d. Lipase
e. Hydrochloric acid
f. Water
g. Alpha amylase
h. Gastrin
a. Calcium ions
d. Lipase
f. Water
g. Alpha amylase
45
Calculate the Tiffno index for the person with such parameters (round to two
decimal numbers):
FVC (I): 4,19
FEV1 (I): 2,70
PEF (l/s): 7,23
Answer: 64%
46
Which of mentioned substances cause bronchoconstriction?
Select one or more:
a. Epinephrine through beta 2 receptor
b. Leukotrienes
c. Nitric oxide (NO)
d. Acetylcholine through M3 receptor
e. Epinephrine through beta1 receptor
b. Leukotrienes
d. Acetylcholine through M3 receptor
a. Epinephrine through beta 2 receptor (dilation)
47
Which of mentioned substances cause bronchodilation?
Select one or more:
a. Leukotrienes
b. Epinephrine trough beta-1 receptor
c. Nitric Oxide (NO)
d. acetylcholine Trough M3 -receptor
e. Epinephrine trough beta -2 receptor
c. Nitric Oxide (NO)
e. Epinephrine trough beta -2 receptor
48
Which of these parameters will decrease in case of bronchoconstriction?
Select one or more:
a. Tiffno index
b. Peak expiratory flow
c. Residual volume
d. Forced expiratory volume in one second
e. Tidal volume
a. Tiffno index
b. Peak expiratory flow
d. Forced expiratory volume in one second
49
How does too high core temperature change these factors (with the aim to
decrease it back to normal)? Increase/decrease
Sympathetic cholinergic fibers to sweat glands →
Voluntary physical activities →
Skeletal muscle tone increase →
T3 and T4 production →
Sympathetic adrenergic fibers to blood vessels →
Sympathetic cholinergic fibers to sweat glands → Increase
Voluntary physical activities → Decrease
Skeletal muscle tone increase → Decrease
T3 and T4 production → Decrease
Sympathetic adrenergic fibers to blood vessels → Decrease
50
What is correct about the work done in quiet respiration?
Select one or more:
a. The biggest part of it is done to overcome viscous resistance
b. It is lower than in deep respiration
c. It increases in bronchoconstriction
d. It increases if lung compliance has decreased
e. It is normally only done in the inspiration
b. It is lower than in deep respiration
c. It increases in bronchoconstriction
d. It increases if lung compliance has decreased
e. It is normally only done in the inspiration
51
What is correct about hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Select one or more:
a. Secretion is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system
b. H+ are secreted in the lumen of stomach with the help of active
transport
c. Gastrin decreases production of hydrochloric acid
d. Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen to pepsin
e. Hydrochloric acid is necessary for carbohydrate digestion
a. Secretion is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system
b. H+ are secreted in the lumen of stomach with the help of active
transport
d. Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen to pepsin
52
Mark the answers which correspond to core temperature:
Select one or more:
a. After the heavy physical activity, the temperature can rise by 1 degrees
celsius
b. While staying on the street in a cold, windy day, the temperature can
decrease by 1 degrees celsius
c. Due to hormonal influence, men and women have different change in the
temperature
d. Significant changes in the temperature value affect vital functions of the
body
e. Usually the lowest temperature is at the more distal body parts
a. After the heavy physical activity, the temperature can rise by 1 degrees celsius
b. While staying on the street in a cold, windy day, the temperature can
decrease by 1 degrees celsius
c. Due to hormonal influence, men and women have different change in the temperature
d. Significant changes in the temperature value affect vital functions of the body
53
What are the functions of chewing?
Select one or more:
a. Increases the fat absorption in the small intestine
b. Protects the next parts of digestive from damage due to contact with the
*cant see*
c. Breaks down cellulose membranes of fluids, grains and vegetables
d. Stimulates activation of pancreatic enzymes
e. Increases the surface area of ingested food
b. Protects the next parts of digestive from damage due to contact with the
*cant see*
c. Breaks down cellulose membranes of fluids, grains and vegetables
e. Increases the surface area of ingested food
54
What is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the mixed venous
blood?
Select one:
a. 100 mmHg
b. 60 mmHg
c. 46 mmHg
d. 100 mmHg
e. 40 mmHg (oxygen)
c. 46 mmHg
55
Activation of preoptic area of hypothalamus leads to
Select one or more:
a. Activation of shivering
b. Activation of sweat glands
c. Activation of errector pili muscle
d. Activation of vasoconstriction
b. Activation of sweat glands
56
What is correct about the gastrin:
Select one or more:
a. Its release is stimulated by parasympathetic nervous system
b. It inhibits emptying of the stomach
c. It binds to receptors in cell cytoplasm
d. It stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach
e. It breaks down proteins in the gastric content
a. Its release is stimulated by parasympathetic nervous system
d. It stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach
57
You are a witness of a person falling unconscious. You check person’s
breathing and recognize the person is not breathing although airways are not obstructed. Which volume the most precisely describes the air volume at this moment in the person’s lungs.
Only one:
a. Anatomical dead space volume
b. Residual volume
c. Total lung capacity
d. Sum of both - functional residual volume & tidal volume
e. Functional residual capacity
e. Functional residual capacity
58
What is correct about the fats in the diet?
Select one or more:
a. The main amount should come from animal products
b. They are predominantly used in short term exercise as main energy substrate
c. At least of 70% of them should be in unsaturated form
d. They give about 7 kcal of energy for gram of fats
e. They can cover about 30% of daily energy expenditure
c. At least of 70% of them should be in unsaturated form
e. They can cover about 30% of daily energy expenditure
59
What is correct about the fat digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
Select one or more:
a. Bile salts are needed for their emulsification
b. They can be digested by chymotrypsin
c. Most of fat breakdown products are transported away from intestines with lymph
d. Intestinal epithelial cells synthesize micelles that are released into interstitium
e. One of triglyceride breakdown products is monoglyceride
a. Bile salts are needed for their emulsification
c. Most of fat breakdown products are transported away from intestines with lymph
e. One of triglyceride breakdown products is monoglyceride
60
What is the formula for body mass index (BMI) calculation?
Select one:
a. BMI = weight (kg)^2 / height (m)
b. BMI = weight (kg) / height (m) ^2
c. BMI = height (m)^2 / weight (kg)
b. BMI = weight (kg) / height (m) ^2
61
Thermoregulatory center is located in
Select one:
a. Hypothalamus
b. Skin
c. Inner organs
d. Cortex
e. Medulla oblongata
f. Thalamus
a. Hypothalamus
62
Which of these factors shift oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
Select one or more:
a. Increased partial pressure of O2
b. Increased pH
c. Increased partial pressure of CO2
d. Increased amount of hemoglobin
e. Increased temperature
c. Increased partial pressure of CO2
e. Increased temperature
63
Select if these characteristics refer to shell or core temperature!
Temperature of the brain:
Increases in females after the ovulation:
It normally can be 20 degree of Celsius scale:
Is sensed by thermoreceptors in the skin:
Is the lowest about 6 o’clock in the morning:
Temperature of the brain: Core
Increases in females after the ovulation: Core
It normally can be 20 degree of Celsius scale: Shell
Is sensed by thermoreceptors in the skin: Shell
Is the lowest about 6 o’clock in the morning: Core
64
Calculate the MET coefficient for the activity for given person:
Basal metabolic rate 1,4 kcal/min
Activity energy expenditure 9,8 kcal/min
Answer: 7
65
Primary heat generation mechanisms are:
Select one or more:
a. Physical exercise
b. Shivering
c. Brown fat cells (metabolism)
d. ATP synthesis
c. Brown fat cells (metabolism)
d. ATP synthesis
66
Calculate how many grams of fat should person eat to cover 616 kcal of energy expenditure (all shown energy expenditure should be covered by fat intake), round to whole number?
Answer: 68 g
67
What is correct about the oxygen diffusion and transport with blood?
Select one or more:
a. it diffuses from alveoli into the small circuit capillaries
b. about 70% of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin
c. its partial pressure in arterial blood is higher than in venous blood
d. the most of it is transported free form in blood plasma
e. partial pressure of it in arterial blood is about 46 mmHg
a. it diffuses from alveoli into the small circuit capillaries
c. its partial pressure in arterial blood is higher than in venous blood
68
The respiratory system is at the equilibrium position in all of the following conditions EXCEPT
Select one:
a. When the transrespiratory pressure is zero
b. At the end of quiet respiration
c. When lung volume is at the residual volume
d. When the respiratory muscles are relaxed and airways are open
e. When lung is balanced by chest wall expansion
c. When lung volume is at the residual volume
69
The major stimulus for primary peristalsis in the esophagus is
Select one:
a. Closing the upper esophageal sphincter
b. Opening of the lower esophageal sphincter
c. Swallowing
d. Presence of food in esophagus
e. Regurgitation of food from the stomach
c. Swallowing
70
With which of these methods you can determine intracellular water
compartment?
a. Labeled water (2H2O or 3H2O)
b. Labeled sodium (22Na)
c. Labeled albumin (125I-albumin)
d. Calculated as TBW-ECW
d. Calculated as TBW-ECW
71
Essential fat for women is 15% but for men - 10% of the body weight
Select one:
a. True
b. False
b. False
72
Which wavelength light is more absorbed by oxyhemoglobin than
deoxyhemoglobin?
a. 420 nm
b. 505 nm
c. 940 nm
d. 660 nm
c. 940 nm
73
During the effort independent part of the respiratory flow-volume curve, the expiratory flow rate
Select one:
a. is limited by compression of the airways
b. varies as a function of the pleural pressure
c. is constant
d. depends on the alveolar pressure
e. depends on the strength of respiratory muscles
a. is limited by compression of the airways
74
Choose the area of the GI tract where the following functions occur:
Secretion of gastrin:
Secretion of K+:
Secretion of intrinsic factor:
Absorption of iron:
Absorption of bile acids:
Secretion of gastrin: Antrum of stomach (duodenum, jejunum)
Secretion of K+: Colon
Secretion of intrinsic factor: Fundus of stomach (oxyntic gland in gastric)
Absorption of iron: Duodenum
Absorption of bile acids: Ileum
75
Which of the following is correct regarding the transmural pressure for the
lungs?
Select one:
a. It is equal to interpleural pressure minus atmospheric pressure
b. It is equal to interpleural pressure minus alveolar pressure
c. It is independent of lung volume when the muscles are relaxed
d. It is always negative
e. It is equal to alveolar pressure minus interpleural pressure
e. It is equal to alveolar pressure minus interpleural pressure
76
Effort independent flow in the spirometry occurs during
Select one:
a. Normal tidal volume breathing
b. Forced inspiration
c. The terminal part of a maximal expiratory tract
d. The initial part of a maximal expiratory effort (effort dependent flow)
c. The terminal part of a maximal expiratory tract
77
Which of the pulmonary function test results are consistent with a restrictive
lung disease?
Select one:
a. FEV1/FVC is 73% and FVC is 65% predicted
b. FEV1/FVC is 96% and FVC 60% predicted
c. FEV1/FVC is 90% and FVC 106% predicted
d. FEV1/FVC is 84% and FVC 87% predicted
e. FEV1/FVC is 70% and FVC 95% of predicted
b. FEV1/FVC is 96% and FVC 60% predicted
78
Choose the stimulus that is most important for the following GI processes: bombesin/cholecystokinin/histamine/motilin/secretin
Pancreatic enzyme secretion:
Gastric acid (HCL) secretion:
Gallbladder emptying:
Gastrin secretion:
Emptying of the intestine during the interdigestive period:
Pancreatic enzyme secretion: Secretin/Cholecystokinin
Gastric acid (HCL) secretion: Histamine
Gallbladder emptying: Cholecystokinin
Gastrin secretion: Bombesin
Emptying of the intestine during the interdigestive period: Motilin
79
All of the following can reduce vital capacity EXCEPT
Select one:
a. A decreased total lung capacity
b. A weakness of the expiratory muscles
c. Weakness of the inspiratory muscles
d. An increased residual volume
e. A decreased alveolar surface tension
e. A decreased alveolar surface tension
80
What is the influence of given factors on persons basal metabolic rate? decrease/increase
Lower epinephrine level in blood
Greater fat percent for the same weight person
Taller height of the person
Higher muscle tone
Younger age
Lower epinephrine level in blood decrease
Greater fat percent for the same weight person decrease
Taller height of the person increase
Higher muscle tone increase
Younger age increase
81
A patient with emphysema typically has
Select one:
a. an increased FEV1 and a normal lung compliance
b. a decreased FEV1 and an increased lung compliance
c. a decreased FEV1 and a decreased lung compliance
d. an increased FEV1 and an increased lung compliance
e. an increased FEV1 and a decreased lung compliance
tuberculosis (low compliance, high elasticity) = decreased FVC and decreased lung
compliance.
b. a decreased FEV1 and an increased lung compliance
82
How do we call the volume of air that is left in lungs after quiet expiration?
Select one:
a. Functional residual volume (expiratory reserve volume + residual
volume)
b. Residual volume (left after forced expiration)
c. Tidal volume (volume with each breath)
d. Anatomical dead space volume (no)
e. Expiratory volume (no)
a. Functional residual volume (expiratory reserve volume + residual
volume)
83
In the thirst regulation, which factors will increase water consumption and
reabsorption?
a. Visceral osmoreceptor stimulation
b. Angiotensin II
c. ANUP
d. Cardiopulmonary receptor stimulation
e. Arterial baroreceptor stimulation
f. Central osmoreceptor stimulation
a. Visceral osmoreceptor stimulation
b. Angiotensin II
f. Central osmoreceptor stimulation
84
Which of these factors can activate the satiety centre?
a. increased ghrelin level in blood
b. stimulation of stretch receptors in stomach
c. decreased glucose concentration in blood
d. increased leptin in blood
e. increased temperature in blood
b. stimulation of stretch receptors in stomach
d. increased leptin in blood
e. increased temperature in blood
85
The major factor that controls secretion of bile salts from the liver is the
amount of
Select one:
a. Fat entering the small intestines
b. CCK released during a meal
c. Secretin released during a meal
d. Bile reabsorbed from the intestine
e. Bile acids produced by the liver
d. Bile reabsorbed from the intestine
86
What from mentioned is included in the physiological dead space?
a. alveoli where gas exchange takes place
b. bronchi
c. alveoli where gas exchange does not take place
d. nasal cavity
e. pleural cavity
b. bronchi
c. alveoli where gas exchange does not take place
d. nasal cavity
87
What is the normal level of potassium in blood?
a. 4.3 - 6.4 mmol/l
b. 1-3 mmol/l
c. 2.5 - 6 mmol/l
d. 3.5 - 5.3 mmol/l
e. 5-7 mmol/l
d. 3.5 - 5.3 mmol/l
88
Which from these substances can be found in pancreatic juice?
a. Chymotrysinogen
b. Amylase
c. Gastrin
d. Bilirubin
e. Calcium ions
a. Chymotrysinogen
b. Amylase
e. Calcium ions
89
What is correct about deep expiration?
a. Person can additionally to tidal volume expire about 1 litre of air
b. During it external abdominal muscles contract
c. During it pleural pressure is greater than during quiet expiration
d. During it external intercostal muscles contract
e. At the end there is total (?) capacite in lungs
a. Person can additionally to tidal volume expire about 1 litre of air
b. During it external abdominal muscles contract
c. During it pleural pressure is greater than during quiet expiration
90
What is correct about the deep inspiration?
a. during it pleural pressure is greater than during quiet inspiration
b. person can additionally to tidal volume inspire about 3 litres of air
c. at the end of it there is total capacity in lungs
d. during it internal intercostal muscles contract
e. During it external chest muscles contract
b. person can additionally to tidal volume inspire about 3 litres of air
c. at the end of it there is total capacity in lungs
e. During it external chest muscles contract
91
Slow waves in small intestinal smooth muscle cells are
a. Oscilliating release of motilin
b. Oscillating resting membrane potentials
c. Tonic contractions
d. Phasic contraction
e. Action potentials
b. Oscillating resting membrane potentials
92
The compliance of the lung-chest wall system is higher than the compliance of
the lungs.
a. True
b. False
b. False
93
What is the reabsorption threshold for Glucose in the nephron tubule?
a. 12 mmol/l
b. 13 mmol/l
c. 14 mmol/l
d. 11 mmol/l
d. 11 mmol/l
94
Indicate which nervous system that is affecting (sympathetic,
parasympathetic)
Closes pyloric sphincter
Decreases peristaltic activity in small intestines
Stimulate secretion of gastric juice
Stimulate the release of bile from the gall bladder
Opens lower esophageal sphincter
Closes pyloric sphincter Symp
Decreases peristaltic activity in small intestines Symp
Stimulate secretion of gastric juice Para
Stimulate the release of bile from the gall bladder Para
Opens lower esophageal sphincter Para
95
In the thirst regulation, which factors will decrease water consumption?
a. ANUP
b. Angiotensin II (increase)
c. Central osmoreceptor activation (increase)
d. Visceral osmoreceptor activation (increase)
e. Cardiopulmonary receptor activation
f. Arterial baroreceptor activation
a. ANUP
e. Cardiopulmonary receptor activation
f. Arterial baroreceptor activation
96
1. What is normal partial pressure of Oxygen in the venous blood? (1)
a. 40 mmHg
b. 46 mmHg
c. 159 mmHg
d. 120 mmHg
e. 100 mmHg
a. 40 mmHg
97
2. What from mentioned happens during quiet inspiration
a. Person breathes in about 3000 ml of air
b. Lungs expand
c. At the beginning of it pressure in alveoli becomes lower than
atmospheric pressure
d. Internal intercostal muscles contract
e. Pressure in the pleural cavity decreases
b. Lungs expand
c. At the beginning of it pressure in alveoli becomes lower than
atmospheric pressure
e. Pressure in the pleural cavity decreases
98
3. What is correct about the ventilation and perfusion in lungs in the vertical position of person?
a. Greater ventilation than perfusion leads to rise of partial pressure CO2 in alveoli
b. Perfusion is greater in bottom part of lung
c. Ventilation is greater in the upper parts of lungs than bottom
d. In parts of the lung with low ventilation-perfusion ratio vasoconstriction is stimulated
e. Ventilation-perfusion ratio in apex is less than 1
- Greater ventilation than perfusion leads to rise of partial pressure
O2 in alveoli
- ventilation is greater in the lower parts of lungs
- perfusion is greater in apical part of lung
- partial pressure of CO2
in apex (without correction mechanisms) is
greater than in basis of lung
b. Perfusion is greater in bottom part of lung
d. In parts of the lung with low ventilation-perfusion ratio vasoconstriction is stimulated
99
What is correct about the deep expiration?
a. During it abdominal muscles contract
b. During it alveolar pressure can reach -4 to -5
c. During it diaphragm moves down
d. During it pleural pressure is greater than during quiet expiration
e. During it external intercostal muscles contract
a. During it abdominal muscles contract
d. During it pleural pressure is greater than during quiet expiration
100
5. Which wavelength light is more absorbed by oxyhemoglobin than
deoxyhemoglobin? (1)
a. 420 nm
b. 660 nm
c. 940 nm
d. 505 nm
c. 940 nm
101
7. What is correct about the oxygen diffusion and transport with blood?
a. About 50% of oxygen is transported in free form in plasma
b. Its diffusion capacity is greater than for carbon dioxide
c. The most of it is transported bound to hemoglobin
d. Its partial pressure in arterial blood is higher than in venous blood
e. It diffuses from blood in the small circuit capillaries into alveoli
c. The most of it is transported bound to hemoglobin
d. Its partial pressure in arterial blood is higher than in venous blood
102
8. What can stimulate respiratory center to trigger deeper respiration?
a. activation of stretch receptors in airways
b. activation of proprioreceptors in muscles
c. higher pH of the blood
d. higher partial pressure of CO2
in the blood
e. activation of juxtacapillary receptors in lungs
b. activation of proprioreceptors in muscles
d. higher partial pressure of CO2 in the blood
103
9. Which of these factors can decrease hemoglobin affinity for oxygen?
a. Increased temperature
b. increased pH
c. decreased amount of hemoglobin
d. increased partial pressure of CO2
e. decreased partial pressure of O2
a. Increased temperature
d. increased partial pressure of CO2
e. decreased partial pressure of O2
104
What from mentioned can be included in the anatomical dead space?
a. pleural space
b. alveoli where gas exchange takes place
c. trachea
d. alveoli where gas exchange does not take place
e. pharynx
f. oral cavity
g. larynx
c. trachea
e. pharynx
f. oral cavity
g. larynx
105
Which of these factors shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the
right?
a. increased partial pressure of CO2
b. decreased amount of hemoglobin
c. decreased pH
d. decreased temperature
e. increased partial pressure of O2
a. increased partial pressure of CO2
c. decreased pH
106
. For two people the lung volume and transrespiratory pressure change
during the respiration was measured:
Person A: volume change 400ml, pressure change 3mmhg
Person B: volume change 300ml, pressure change 2mmHg
For which person the respiratory system compliance is the highest?
a. From these results you can not make conclusions about the respiratory
system compliance
b. Both have equal compliance
c. Person A
d. Person B
d. Person B
107
How do these factors affect the size of persons vital capacity? increase/decrease
Older age until 20 years -
Stronger respiratory muscle contraction -
Fibrosis of the lung tissue -
Shorter height -
Greater elastic resistance -
Older age after 40 years
Older age until 20 years - Increase
Stronger respiratory muscle contraction - Increase
Fibrosis of the lung tissue - Decrease
Shorter height - Decrease
Greater elastic resistance - Decrease
Older age after 40 years Decrease
108
What is the most typical size of the expiratory volume of healthy adult male
person?
a. 3000 ml -> insp. reserve
b. 6000 ml
c. 500 ml -> tidal volume
d. 4600 ml -> vital capacity
e. 1300 ml
e. 1300 ml
109
Calculate the Tiffno index (number and units) for the person with such
parameters (round to nearest whole number)
TV (l): 0.8
FVC (l): 4.35
FEV1 (l): 3.39
Pef (l/s): 11.82
Frequency of respiration (x/min): 11
Tiffno index: 78%
110
How do we call the volume of air that is left in lungs after quiet expiration?
a. Residual volume
b. Anatomical dead space volume
c. Expiratory capacity
d. Tidal volume
e. Functional residual capacity
A) Residual volume
111
Which of these parameters will decrease in case of restrictive diseases of
the respiratory system?
a. Tidal volume
b. Total capacity
c. Tiffno index
d. Vital capacity
e. Minute ventilation of lungs
b. Total capacity
d. Vital capacity
112
Which of the following methods can be used for residual volume
determination?
a. Calculation of double body weight in kilos and expressed in ml
b. Full body plethysmography
c. Forced spirometry
d. Carbon dioxide washout method
e. Helium dilution method
b. Full body plethysmography
e. Helium dilution method
113
Effort-independent flow in the forced spirometry occurs during (1):
a. Forced inspiration
b. The terminal part of a maximal expiratory effect
c. The initial part of a maximal expiratory effect
d. Normal tidal volume breathing
b. The terminal part of a maximal expiratory effect
114
What is correct about the work done in the quiet respiration?
a. It increases in bronchoconstriction
b. It increases if chest compliance increases
c. The biggest part of it is done to overcome airway resistance
d. It increases if lung compliance decreases
e. It is normally done only during expiration
a. It increases in bronchoconstriction
d. It increases if lung compliance decreases
115
What from mentioned is correct about the defecation reflex?
a. Sympathetic nervous system triggers relaxation of internal sphincter
b. It realizes through the thoracic spinal cord segments
c. Somatic nervous system regulates the tonus of external sphincter
d. Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates contraction of the wall
rectum
e. External sphincter is relaxed if motor neuron is activated
c. Somatic nervous system regulates the tonus of external sphincter
d. Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates contraction of the wall
rectum
116
What is correct about the gastrin ?
a. It stimulates activity of the Na+/K+ pump in the parietal cell membrane
b. It breaks down proteins in the gastric content
c. Its binding to the receptor stimulates synthesis of the cAMP in the parietal cell
d. Its release is stimulated by protein breakdown of the stomach
e. It stimulates emptying of the stomach
d. Its release is stimulated by protein breakdown of the stomach
e. It stimulates emptying of the stomach
- Its release is stimulated by parasympathetic nervous system
- It stimulates HCl production in stomach
117
What is correct about the primary peristalsis in the esophagus?
a. It provides lower esophageal sphincter relaxation
b. It can be stimulated by food bolus presence in the lower part of the
esophagus
c. It is a continuation of pharyngeal peristalsis
d. It repeats several times until food bolus is delivered to stomach
e. It triggers longitudinal muscle contraction in front of the food bolus
a. It provides lower esophageal sphincter relaxation
c. It is a continuation of pharyngeal peristalsis
e. It triggers longitudinal muscle contraction in front of the food bolus
118
What can lead to the inhibition of the hydrochloric acid secretion in the
stomach?
a. Gastrin
b. Intrinsic factor
c. Prostaglandin I2
d. Low pH
e. Somatostatin & somatomedin
c. Prostaglandin I2
d. Low pH
e. Somatostatin & somatomedin
119
What stimulates motility in the small intestine?
a. Sympathetic nervous system
b. Secretin
c. Cholecystokinin
d. Acetylcholine released from the postganglionic neurons innervating it
e. Stimulation of the myenteric plexus
c. Cholecystokinin
d. Acetylcholine released from the postganglionic neurons innervating it
e. Stimulation of the myenteric plexus
120
What from these substances can be found in gastric juice?
a. Lactase
b. Pepsinogen
c. Mucin
d. Secretin
e. B12 vitamin
b. Pepsinogen
c. Mucin
121
Choose the area of GI tract where the following function occur
Absorption of bile acids
Digestion of fibers due to bacterial enzymes
Absorption of iron
Secretion of intrinsic factor
Secretion of gastrin
Absorption of bile acids Ileum
Digestion of fibers due to bacterial enzymes Colon
Absorption of iron Duodenum
Secretion of intrinsic factor Fundus of the stomach
Secretion of gastrin Antrum of the stomach
122
What is the rate of saliva production during eating (enter one number in the
normal range; if decimal places are used, separate with a point):
2 ml/min (2-3)
123
What is correct about the fat digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
a. There are fat digesting enzymes in the gastric juice
b. They can be digested by cholecystokinin
c. Bile salts split fats in the small intestine into chylomicrons
d. The most of the absorbed fat breakdown products are transported from intestines with blood
e. Triglycerides are broken down to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
a. There are fat digesting enzymes in the gastric juice
e. Triglycerides are broken down to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
124
Which from these substances can be found in bile?
a. Water
b. Cholecystokinin
c. Calcium ions
d. Bilirubin
e. Trypsinogen
a. Water
d. Bilirubin
125
Which of these factors can activate satiety center?
a. Decreased amino acid level in blood
b. Increased fat amount in adipocytes
c. Increased glucose concentration in blood
d. Increased activity of the NPY secreting neurons in the hypothalamus
e. Stimulation of stretch receptors in stomach
b. Increased fat amount in adipocytes
c. Increased glucose concentration in blood
e. Stimulation of stretch receptors in stomach
126
How much should basal metabolic rate be for adult female?:
1500 kcal/24h
127
What from mentioned causes sensory satiety?
a. Increased glucose level in blood
b. Activation of stretch receptors in stomach
c. Ghrelin
d. Leptin
e. Glucagon like peptide
b. Activation of stretch receptors in stomach
e. Glucagon like peptide
128
What is the influence of given factors on person's basal metabolic rate?increase/decrease
Higher body temperature
Older age
Lower triiodothyronine
Higher body fat percent for the same weight person
Taller height of the person
Higher body temperature Increase
Older age Decrease
Lower triiodothyronine Decrease
Higher body fat percent for the same weight person Decrease
Taller height of the person Increase
129
What from mentioned works as orexigenic (hunger triggering)
a. Ghrelin
b. Cholecystokinin
c. Leptin
d. Increased body temperature
e. Insulin
a. Ghrelin
130
How increased core temperature would change these factors (with the aim to decrease it back to normal)? stimulate/inhibit
Preoptic area in the hypothalamus
Voluntary physical activities
Epinephrine production
Dorsomedial hypothalamus
Sympathetic output to blood vessels
Preoptic area in the hypothalamus stimulate
Voluntary physical activities inhibit
Epinephrine production inhibit
Dorsomedial hypothalamus inhibit
Sympathetic output to blood vessels inhibit
131
What is correct about fats in the diet?
a. In the body they give 4 kcal of energy for each gram of fats
b. They are used as a main energy substrate for 10 minutes of intense physical
activities
c. They are necessary for certain hormone synthesis
d. About 30% of them might be taken in the saturated form
e. Their intake should cover 60% of daily expenditure
c. They are necessary for certain hormone synthesis
d. About 30% of them might be taken in the saturated form
132
What from mentioned is correct about the heat loss in conduction?
a. It is greater in air than in water
b. Heat transfer is happening with infrared rays
c. It can lead to heat gain in the body
d. Greater contact area between objects increases heat transfer from on to the other
e. It is stimulated from the preoptic area of the hypothalamus
c. It can lead to heat gain in the body
d. Greater contact area between objects increases heat transfer from on to the other
133
How much is MET coefficient for heavy physical activities?
a. 2-3 (light)
b. 3-6 (mod)
c. 10-12 (unduly)
d. 6-8
e. 8-10 (very heavy)
f. above 12
g. below 2
d. 6-8
134
With which of these methods can you determine extracellular water
compartment?
a. Labeled water
b. Calculated as TBW-ECW
c. Labeled sodium (22 Na)
d. Labeled oxygen
e. Labeled albumin
c. Labeled sodium (22 Na)
135
In the thirst regulation, which factors will increase water consumption?
a. ANUP
b. Angiotensin II
c. Central osmoreceptor activation
d. Visceral osmoreceptor activation
e. Cardiopulmonary receptor activation
f. Arterial baroreceptor activation
b. Angiotensin II
c. Central osmoreceptor activation
d. Visceral osmoreceptor activation
136
If we put cell in hypotonic solution the cell will
a. Expand
b. Shrink
c. Nothing will change
a. Expand
137
Essential fat for men - 10% of the body weight!
a. True
b. False
b. False
138
Calculate the body mass index for the given person
Gender Male
Age 35 yr
Weight 61 kg
Height 181
BMI: 18.6
139
What from mentioned will happen if stretch receptors in bladder are
activated?
a. Impulses are carried to lumbar segments to stimulate bladder emptying
b. Impulses from them are transmitted to the pontine micturition center
c. Motor neuron in the spinal cord innervating external sphincter is
inhibited
d. Sympathetic nervous system activation leads to contraction of bladder wall
e. Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the relaxation of the
internal sphincter
b. Impulses from them are transmitted to the pontine micturition center
c. Motor neuron in the spinal cord innervating external sphincter is
inhibited
e. Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the relaxation of the
internal sphincter
