part 1

Question 1

Abnormal cell differentiation and growth

Answer 1

Cancer/ Neoplasm

Question 2

In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding _________

Answer 2

tissues

Question 3

Characteristics of Cancer

Answer 3

1. Sustained angiogenesis
2. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
3. Insensitivity to antigrowth signals
4. Evasion of apoptosis
5. Limitless replicative potential
6. Tissue invasion and metastasis

Question 4

Stages of Carcinogenesis

Answer 4

1. Initiation
2. Promotion
3. Progression

Question 5

Irreversible stage of carcinogenesis

Answer 5

Initiation

Question 6

Reversible stage of carcinogenesis

Answer 6

Promotion

Question 7

Last Irreversible stage of carcinogenesis

Answer 7

Progression / Neoplasia

Question 8

Abnormal tissue growth in mucosal surface of colon (most common), ear canal, cervix

Can be removed (not life threatening); can become malignant

Answer 8

Benign Tumors/ Polyp

Question 9

Non-cancerous type of cancer

Answer 9

Benign Tumors/ Polyp

Question 10

Malignant tumors

Answer 10

Carcinoma, Sarcoma

Question 11

of epithelial origin

Most common. Cancer of the skin or organ lining e.g., liver or kidneys

Answer 11

carcinoma

Question 12

of mesenchymal origin

Cancer of connective tissue e.g., bones, muscles, cartilage, & blood vessels

Answer 12

sarcoma

Question 13

Blood cancers

Answer 13

leukemia, Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma

Question 14

Difference of hodgkin to non-hodgkin lymphoma?

Answer 14

Reed-Sternberg cells are present in Hodgkin Lymphoma

Question 15

Bone marrow CA

Answer 15

Leukemia

Question 16

CA of the immune system

Answer 16

Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma

Question 17

Agents that causes change in the gene structure

Answer 17

Mutagens

Question 18

May result from misread DNA through transitions and transversions, frame-shifting or broken DNA stands

Answer 18

Mutagens

Question 19

Examples of mutagens

Answer 19

Genotoxic / DNA-reactive carcinogens

Question 20

Direct-acting carcinogen

Answer 20

Active parent

Question 21

Indirect-acting carcinogen

Answer 21

Metabolite

Question 22

The development of cancer following exposure to chemical carcinogens is a relatively rare event because of a cell’s ability to recognize and repair DNA.

Answer 22

DNA Repair Mechanisms

Question 23

DNA Repair Mechanisms

Answer 23

1. Cut-and-Patch by pol 1
2. Nick Translation by pol 1
3. Base Excision or Mismatch Repair of Single-base Mispairs
4. Photoreactivation Repair
5. Homologous Recombination
6. Nonhomologous End-joining Repair of DNA

Question 24

The DNA region containing the adduct is removed and a new patch of DNA is synthesized, using the opposite intact strand as a template.

Answer 24

Cut-and-Patch by pol 1

Question 25

The new DNA segment is then spliced into the DNA molecule in place of the defective one. To be effective in restoring a cell to normal, repair of DNA must occur prior to cell division

Answer 25

Cut-and-Patch by pol 1

Question 26

2. Nick Translation by pol 1

Answer 26

2. Nick Translation by pol 1

Question 27

Typically repairs chemically modified nucleobases

Answer 27

Base Excision or Mismatch Repair of Single-base Mispairs

Question 28

– Removes altered base; pol I fills the gap

Answer 28

DNA Glycosylase

Question 29

– Cut DNA near apurinic sites (the cut is then extended by exonucleases, and the resulting gap is repaired by DNA polymerase and ligase)

Answer 29

Apurinic endonucleases

Question 30

Photolyase – Binds T-T cyclobutane dimer → Individual pyrimidine bases

Answer 30

Photoreactivation Repair

Question 31

– Binds T-T cyclobutane dimer → Individual pyrimidine bases

Answer 31

Photolyase

Question 32

The double-strand break on one chromosome is repaired using the information on the homologous, intact chromosome.

Answer 32

Homologous Recombination

Question 33

The predominant mechanism for double-stranded DNA repair Disad: Several base pairs are lost at the joining point. This type of deletion may produce a possible mutagenic coding change

Answer 33

Nonhomologous End-joining Repair of DNA

Question 34

Chemical Mutagens

Answer 34

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Alkylating agents (Electrophilic) Aromatic amines and amides (Dyes) Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA), Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Question 35

Benzopyrene in charcoal-broiled foods, tobacco, diesel exhaust - sa mga inihaw, dulok

Answer 35

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Question 36

Nitrosamines (salitre) Aflatoxin (found in nuts if improperly dried, can also cause liver damage Alkyl sulfates Cytotoxic Alkylating agents

Answer 36

Alkylating agents (Electrophilic)

Question 37

Alkylating agents (Electrophilic)

Answer 37

Nitrosamines (salitre) Aflatoxin (found in nuts if improperly dried, can also cause liver damage Alkyl sulfates Cytotoxic Alkylating agents

Question 38

dyes

Answer 38

Aromatic amines and amides

Question 39

- causes DNA double-stranded breaking in skin, possible allergic reactions - found in hotdogs, sausages, potato chips

Answer 39

Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA), Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Question 40

Physical Mutagens

Answer 40

UVB radiation (Sun exposure) Ionizing radiation (x and gamma rays)