part 1 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
pinchot
A
- hetch hetchy valley
- utilian conservationist
- pro dam
2
Q
muir
A
hetch hetchy valley
- protect the valley (no dam)
- perservationist view
3
Q
Aldo leopold
A
father of modern conservation/land ethic. early recognition of trophic cascades (ramifications of lack of predators)
4
Q
rachel carson
A
helped to ban DDT and other pesticides because of air/water pollution
5
Q
david schindler
A
double basin experimental lakes, showed effect of phosphorus on aquatic ecosystems
6
Q
tragedy of the commons
A
first proposed by lloyd - overgrazing
expanded by hardin for shared public resources
7
Q
management of the tragedy of the commons
A
regulation or privitization
8
Q
ehrlich
A
predicted an apocalyptic overpopulation issue which would lead to famine and war
9
Q
simon-ehrlich wager
A
simon: more humans = more innovation = less problems
ehrlich: more people = scarcity = prices up
simon won
10
Q
malthusian trap
A
population growth exponential, food supply rowth linear, will trigger a population die off
11
Q
borlaug
A
father of the green revolution, corss breeding crops for higher yield
12
Q
haber
A
developed method to convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, use for fertilizer
13
Q
nelson
A
policy and legislation in response to the growing environmental movement
14
Q
natural pH of precipitation
A
5.6
15
Q
causes of acid rain
A
sulfur dioxide/nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels leads to more acidic precipitation
16
Q
where did acid rain have greatest effect
A
areas in the east without alkaline soil to buffer the pH
17
Q
Jared diamond
A
evil quartet to ecological apocalypse
- overexploitation
- non-native species
- habitat loss
- chains of linked extinctions
18
Q
Lovelock
A
CFCs for refrigerants, solvents, aerosols lead to destruction of ozone layer
19
Q
Hansen
A
publication that showed global surface temps were rising 0.2C/decade
20
Q
science
A
process of gaining knowledge about the natural world
21
Q
scientists
A
those who seek to understand the world and its operations
22
Q
scientific method
A
use of experiments/observations to explain something in nature
23
Q
hypothesis
A
prediction that explains why a phenomenon occurs, proposal of a postulate
24
Q
theory
A
widely accepted/tested explanation for phenomena
25
law
description of how nature behaves under certain conditions
26
holism
top-down approach of science. good for properties of groups not explained by their components (emergent phenomena), WILSON
27
reductionism
describes systems by their parts. CRICK --> all biology can be explained by chemistry
28
normative science
information developed for a particular outcome, common in applied science, LACKEY
29
descriptive science
entirely fact/evidence based
30
deductive reasoning
common in basic sciences, builds up a principle
31
inductive reasoning
common in applied, proves a general principle through observation
32
popper
falsification of hypothesis, single hypothesis disproved by data
33
kuhn
paradigms, nromal science, scientific revolution: sungle hypothesis rules until it is overruled
34
polyani
republic of science: multiple views allowed/compared
35
lakatos
scientific research program: confrontation of multiple hypotheses by a single person
36
qualifications of a hypothesis
must be testable, falsifiable. can be disproven, but never proven
37
chamberlain
MWH, reduces preference/attatchment to a certain idea
38
assumptions
what we believe with no proofa
39
axioms
what we know is true based on past research
40
postulate
assertation of relationshops between concepts
41
scope of inference
sets what the results apply for
42
manipulative experiments
manipulation of one factor while holding other factors constant
43
park grass study
long standing english study to show effect of fertilization and pH on different areas of soil
44
natural experiments
large-scale phenomena observed after the results of natural events
45
observational study
describing something from an outside perspective (possible to mix with natural experiments)
46
levels of evidence
meta-analysis>manipulative study>natural>observational
47
meta-analysis
synthesis of multiple studies to find more than separately
48
role of replication
especially important in proving surprising results, key to self correction
49
pasteur
solved problems quickly, not attatched to a particular answer
50
group think, elitism, politics
people get attatched to their theories, politics can influence what studies are done and how their results are interpreted
51
peer review
other scientists review the quality of another's work, ensures consistency
52
winner's curse
published articles tend to have exaggerated results
53
uncertainty
difficult to determine future values/extensions of many studies
54
horrobin's hypothesis
impossible to know which new ideas are valuable, should discuss all
55
scientific gatekeeping
editors might reject important ideas before actual scienfific review
56
publication bias
papers are more likely to published when they have interesting, new results, null-result paper are less likely to be published
57
dimensions of science literacy
civic, digital media, cognitive/opinion
58
big bang
13.8 Ga
59
when does universe expansion speed up
1 Ga after big band
60
formation of solar system/sun
5 Ga (young within the galaxy)
61
formation of earth
4.54 Ga
62
theia impact
mars-sized impact 4.5 Ga, debris knocked off = moon
63
start of life on earth (LUCA)
3.8 Ga
64
lithosphere
solid outer part of earth, crust and upper mantle
65
eons
hadean, archean, proterozoic, phanerozoic
66
eras
precambrian = pre phanerozoic, paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic
67
longest eon
proterozoic
68
periods within the mesozoic era
triassic, jurassic, cretaceous
69
period/ephochs within cenozoic era
quaternary period, pleistocene, holocene epochs
70
rock aging within canada
oldest rocks around canadian shield/southern ontario, relatively young rock elsewhere
71
volcanic rocks
igneous rock formed from surface lava, west cost
72
plutonic rock
igneous rock from from cooled magma, canadian shield
73
metamorphic rock
formed rom recrystallized minerals under high pressure
74
primary canadian rock composition
sedimentary rock (limestone, dolomite)
75
sedimentary rock composition
form from pieces of other rocks that b=have been "glued" together or minerals precipitated from water
76
lake distribution
more lakes in canadian shield because bedrock has less drainage than sedimentary rock
77
origins of the first lithosphere
continents started forming 3 Ga (hotter, more convection in the mantle), rocks rose to the surfce which formed the lithospherec
78
craton
old floating pieces of lithosphere, stable part of continent, foundation rock
79
when were margins added to cratons
1Ga-500Ma, added by plate tectonics
80
north american cratons
3Ga, 250km thick, superior, slave, churchill, wyoming
81
continental drift
movement of continents, important for biodiversity and biogeography
82
mesozoic era
252-66 Ma, time of the dinosaurs, began at the permian triassic extinction
83
P-T extinction event
earth's most severe extinction event, high temos and CO2, mightve been an asteroid
84
triassic period
252-201 Ma, recovery of extinction event, breakup of pangaea, expansion of dinosaurs and gymnosperms
85
jurassic period
201-145 Ma, more tropical/humid, expansion of seas, domination of dinosaurs, first true mammals
86
cretaceous period
145-66 Ma, seas expand, more seasonality, birds developing, volcanic erruptions
87
when did alerta form land mass
late cretaceous period (corresponds to dinos --> fossils)
88
rock bed
different layers of rock
89
rock contacts
layers between beds
90
dark black layers of rock
coal formed during swampy conditions
91
K-T/K-Pg boundary
point between cretaceous and teritary/paleogene boundary. 65.5 Ma, when large dinos disappeared, high lebels of iridium in rock
92
luis and walter alvarez
father-son duo who determined the mimimum 10km diaeter of the impact
93
craters of the K-T impact
Yucatan (first), ukraine, india (largest)
94
when were the rockies formed
late paelozoic era - 185-55 Ma, from sedimentary rock
95
rock aging in drumheller, canadian shield, athabasca sand dune
mesozoic/cenozoic, precambrian
96
alberta rivers to arctic ocean
hay river, peace river, athabasca river
97
98
alberta rivers to hudsons bay
north sask river, red deer river, south sask river
99
albeta rivers to mississippi
milk river
100
alberta terrain
caribou mountains, chinchage, buffalo head hills, birth mountains, rocky mountains, swan hills, foohills/front ranges, cypress hills
101
most recent glaciation
wisconsin glaciation
102
how many glaciations in the past 500k years
5
103
what are milankovitch cycles
explanation of earth's long term climate changes due to changes in earths orbit, tilt, and wobble
104
glaciers in southern hemisphere
mostly in antartic
105
what type of air gets more glaciation
humid areas
106
when was the peak of the wisconsin glaciation
20ka
107
beringia
area in siberia/yukon that was free of ice (too dry)
108
ice sheets o the wisconsin glaciation
cordilleran (mountains), laurentide (keewatin and labrador)
109
driftless area
area where no glaciation has hit over the last 4-5 glaciations, refugia for species, many more spring streams (trout)
110
isostatic rebound
high glaciation = compression/single of the crust and mantle, resulting in peripheral bulge, when glacier's gone, land bounses back
111
stranded beaches
each strand = former shoreline due to isostatic rebound
112
NA ice free corridor
coast and yukon --> alberta, open by 13.8 ka
113
proglacial lakes
massive lakes formed as glaciers receded
114
what caused glacial lake agassiz to drain
isostatic rebound pushing water over divides/ice dams
115
mega floods from glacial lake agassiz
clearwater to athabasca to arctic, lasted 78 days, cut the clearwater gorge
116
younger dryas
time of rapid change, cooling 12.9ka, warming 11.7 ka, named after arctic plant speading to europe, could be ET impact
117
push moraines
advance of glacier pushes debris
118
dump moraines
debris is dumped off the end of a glacier
119
ablation moraine
glacier melts in place, leaves the debris that was on top as a moraine (potential ice core_
120
esker
ridges caused by glacial streams within/on top/below the ice sheet
121
drumlins
boat shaped hills under ice, thought to be scouring, more likely from water flow
122
glacial erratics
large chunks of rock deposited far away as glaciers flow
123
kames
donut shaped deposits as a result of the collapse and subsequent slumping of debris
124
glaciolacustrine
glacial lake deposits
125
glaciofluvial
glacial river deposits
126
what percent of earths water is freshwater
1%
127
where is most usable water on earth found
groundwater
128
main steps in the water cycle
evaporation, precipitation, transpiration
129
evapotranspiration
combination of evaporation and transpiration in plants
130
groundwater
water found between sediment, cracks ect
131
aquifers
areas of substantial groundwater
132
ancient water
really old groundwater that is deep enough to get cut off from the rest of the water cycle
133
epipelagic (photic) layer
depth where sunlight can penetrate (200m)
134
mesopelagic
200m-10C
135
bathypelagic
10C-4C
136
abyssalpelagic
4C-6000m
137
hadalpelagic
below 6000m
138
mixed layer
water at the surface where it is warmer (less dense) and gets mixed by wind, waves, currents
139
thermocline
area in water where there is a rapid change in temperature over a short change in depth
140
temperate regions water
deeper mixed layers, high seasonalityp
141
polar water
constant temperature, lack thermocline
142
tropical water
strong thermocline, low seasonality
143
lentic systems
non-flowing water
144
lotic systems
flowing waterrl
145
worlds largest lake (volume)
lake baikal, has high biodiversity because its such a stable environment
146
oligotrophic lakes
low nutrients (clear water), deeper, high oxygen, green algae
147
eutrophic lakes
high nutrients (dark water), shallower, low oxygen, blue-green algae
148
consequences of cultural eutrophication
anoxic conditions and lack of life
149
dimitic lakes
lakes in temperate/boreal regions where they mix 2x/year
150
turnover
mixing of lakes when its at a consistent temperature (4C)
151
epilimnion
warm surface layer mixed by wind
152
metalimnion
thermocline, prevents mixing between upper and lower layers
153
hypolimnion
deepest, coolest water that does not mix
154
Langmuir circulations
top-layer circulating cells that form foamlines that run parallel to wind
155
water contamination
point source (wastewater plants, factories), non-point source (erosion --> pesticides, nutrients, air pollution, combined sewer/storm drain)
156
layers of the atmosphere
thermosphere, mesosphere, statosphere, trophospere
157
ozone layer
in the stratosphere, interacts with UV --> increased temps in upper stratosphere
158
jet stream
strong band of horizontal wind (polar and subtropical)
159
coriolis effect
rotation of the earth resulting in curved wind patterns
160
what are the wind cells
hadley, ferrel, polar
161
