Part 1 Flashcards by A O

calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules

cadherins and selectins

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calcium-independent cell adhesion molecules

integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily

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homophilic adhesions, stabilized by actin cytoskeleton (bound to actin via catenins)

cadherins

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cell adhesion molecule; binds to carbohydrates; found on endothelial and blood cells

selectins

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heterodimer, binding site inside cell binds cytoskeletonal actin via alpha-actinin; outside cell binds other ligands

integrins

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HIV-1 receptor (CD4) on lymphocyte) is a member of this type of cell adhesion molecule

immunoglobulin superfamily

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In occluding junctions, the transmembrane protein ____ interacts with the integral membrane protein ____.

occludin; claudin

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Belt-like cell junction; interaction of cadherins with catenins; interacts with actin cytoskeleton

zona adherens

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spot-like junction stabilized by intermediate filaments; involve cadherins

desmosomes

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anchor basal portion of cell to basal lamina; linked to intermediate filaments

hemidesmosome

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communicating junction; six connexins associate to form a connexon

gap junctions

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microtubule arrangement of cilia and flagella

9+2 (basal body s 9+3)

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cilia develop from ___ which are derived from ___

basal bodies; centrioles

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Autosomal recessive Glanzmann thrombasthenia; Epidermolysis bullosa

integrin defects

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4 components of nucleus

nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
chromatin
nucleolus

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heterochromatin vs. euchromatin

heterochromatin is transcriptionally inactive; euchromatin is active.

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4 key features of nuclear import-export

requires energy (GTP)
requires recognition sequence on a protein
importin/exportin: move things across nuclear pore
nuclear pore changes in size during transport

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fundamental packing unit of chromatin

nucleosome

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basophilic stain

Hematoxylin

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acidophilic stain

Eosin

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stains reticular fibers (Type III collagen)

Silver stain

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stains glycogen and various carbohydrate-containing molecules

PAS (periodic acid Shiff stain)

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Microtubules are composed of ____.
Microfilaments are composed of ___.
Intermediate fillaments… ____.

tubulin
actin
keratins, lamins, or vimentin?

in microtubules, ___ move organelles toward the + end and ___ move them toward the - end.

kinesins

dyneins

In microtubules, ____ determines growth and stability

GTP/GDP ratio

Taxol, Vinca alkaloids, nocodazole, vinblastine vincristine, and colchicine

interfere with microtubule function

Microfilaments require ___

ATP

Intermediate filament: Type I and II

cytokeratins acidic and basic keratins (respectively) at least 1 of each type found in all epithelial cells

Intermediate filament: Type III

Vimentin: mesenchymal, endothelial and leukocytes (generic type III, characteristic of dedifferentiation of invasive cancer carcinomas) Desmin: skeletal muscle in Z disc; smooth muscle

Intermediate filament: Type IV

neurofilaments: axons and dendrites. ** unique structure: square basket-like lattice

Endoplasmic reticulum is ___ in H&E

basophilic

5 major Golgi functions

1. modify N-oligosaccharides on asparagine 2. Distribute non-cytosolic proteins to plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles 3. assemble proteoglycans from proteoglycan core proteins 4. add mannose-6-phosphate to proteins targeted for lysosomes 5. sulfates sugars on proteoglycans

Key functions of peroxisomes

beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids detox of substances bile acid synthesis in the liver Zellweger Syndrome: defect, no peroxisomes, lethal

protein; part of coated vesicle; mediates transport of vesicles from trans-golgi network and from the plasma membrane

clathrin | caveolin is similar; for small vesicles called caveolae involved in pinocytosis. clathrin-independent endocytosis.

cell specialized for phagocytosis

macrophage (degrade proteins/cellular debris)

example of constitutive exocytosis

albumin (from liver)

Tay-Sachs, Hurler's syndrome, Gauchers syndrome, and Neiman-Pick disease are examples of _______.

Lysosomal storage diseases

Myelination in CNS: | Myelination in PNS:

oligodendrocytes | Schwann cells

Plasma membrane of axon: | Cytoplasm of axon:

axolemma | axoplasm

Transport of metabolites in axon from cell body to nerve ending is _____; transport occurs with ____. (opposite is...)

orthograde; kinesin retrograde; cytoplasm ic dynein

CNS white matter; long, slender, minimal branching astrocyte

Fibrous astrocytes | compare to protoplasmic astrocytes: granular cytoplasm, processes short and grnached, CNS gray matter

protein critical to apoptosis (proteolytic enz)

caspase

mucus gland secretions are ___ in H&E and ___ in PAS

translucent; dark magenta

responsible for preservation of lipids in SEM/TEM

osmium tetroxide

"sugar coat" associated with extracytoplasmic aspect of the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane; fuzzy in TEM; contains proteoglycans

glycocalyx / 'sugar coat'

in freeze-fracture, integral proteins preferentially remain attached to ____

P-face: protoplasmic external surface of inner leaflet (rather than internal E-face)

stereospecific transporter of D-glucose; multipass transmembrane protein

GLUT1

proteins for cell cycle regulation (2) complex that initiates S phase complex that initiates mitosis

cyclins cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) start kinase M-phase promoting factor

division of the nucleus

karyokinesis

two types of microtubules: one radiates from centrosomes and positions spindle poles; the other extends from poles to overlap in the middle (push poles apart)

astral microtubules | polar microtubules

when nuclear envelope reforms, microtubules disappear, and nucleoli reappear

telokinesis

key feature of apoptotic cells

chromatin condenses and marginates; membrane blebs

regulate mitochondria membrane potential; can be pro- or anti-apoptotic. Can activate mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis (membrane potential collapses, proteins released...)

Bcl-2 family of proteins

possible fates of receptor and ligand in endocytosis (3)

- ligand degraded in lysosome; receptor recycled (LDL) - ligand and receptor recycled (transferrin) - ligand and receptor both degraded in lysosome (epidermal growth factor)

nucleus component only visible in interphase by ___ staining

nucleolus, basophilic (because rRNA)