Part 1 Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is the definition of an intellectual disability? When must it originate by? What is the IQ of someone with ID?
Significant limitations in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior which covers practical and social skills. Must originate before 18. IQ is around 70-75 (around 2 SD below mean).
What does adaptive behavior cover?
Conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills.
What are cognitive characteristics of ID? What deficits are more pronounced?
Similar pattern of development to typically developing children but slower trajectory. More pronounced deficits in executive functioning and working memory (high order problem solving).
What are language characteristics of ID in regards to form?
Slower pace of typically developing sequence, will use shorter, less complex sentences once MLU is above 3.
What are language characteristics of ID in regards to content?
Vocabulary may be a strength, but conceptual knowledge is low.
What are characteristics of ID in regards to use? How do children with ID do with narratives?
Slower to develop intentional communication. Able to engage in socially meaningful conversations, but less able to clarify meaning and request clarification (conversational repair). Difficulty constructing narratives.
What are characteristics of ID in regards to literacy? What are their predictors for reading?
Slower to progress- predictors for reading are the same as typical peers. Phonological processing predicts word and nonword reading; Word reading and oral language predicts comprehension skills.
What is the prevalence of ID?
Less than 1%.
Does acquisition of language forms guarantee children with ID will use them?
No, not socially appropriately. Generalization is not great!
What are some clinical implications for ID? What will each individual require?
Language development and academic success are key. Each individual will require a thorough assessment of language abilities in different contexts, detailed discussion with family about successes and challenges in daily communication, as is the case for each disorder.
What is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability? Prevalence?
Down Syndrome. Prevalence is 1 in 700 live births.
What is Down Syndrome? What is distinctive about their physical appearance?
Named for John Langdon Down. DS children are born with an extra copy of chromosome 21, and mild to moderate ID. DS children often have round faces, hypotonia (low muscle tone), and shorter stature and limbs.
What are some of the medical issues associated with Down Syndrome? What is it comorbid with? How often?
Congenital heart defects, reflux, ear infections, sleep apnea, early onset Alzheimers. Co morbid with autism 10% of the time.
What are some of the cognitive characteristics of Down Syndrome? What is the typical IQ?
Global delays in gross and fine motor skills, deficits in verbal working memory but not visuospatial working memory, problems with impulse control, planning, learning new rules and applying, take longer to solve problems/lack persistency, and difficulty staying on task. IQ is between 4-70.
What are language characteristics of DS in regards to form?
Speech intelligibility is poor in connected speech, difficulty learning/using syntax, produce shorter, less complex sentences and fewer question and negation forms.
What part of language is most affected in DS?
Expressive more than receptive.
What are language characteristics of DS in regards to content? Is vocabulary on par with other cognitive abilities? What is the preferred communication method and what does it predict?
Acquisition of first words is typically delayed, and growth of vocab is slower than expected. Vocab may or may not be on par with cognition. Preferential communication is gesturing, which predicts later language development.
What are language characteristics of DS in regards to use?
Use comments answers and protests but not as many requests. Higher levels of contingent responses and topic maintenance, with great narrative skills. Produce fewer elaborative utterances in conversation, and are less likely to signal clarification.
What are language characteristics of DS in regards to literacy?
Reading skills variable, with word reading better than comprehension.
What are clinical implications for DS? What is the ultimate goal? What may DS children need most help with?
Slower rate of language and literacy development. Build on strength of vocab and pragmatics. Difficulties in syntax, morphosyntax, and phonological verbal memory. Poor comprehension. Ultimate goal is to improve communication, academic, social, vocational areas. Attending, staying on task, and signaling clarification will need support.
What is Williams syndrome? What is it’s prevalence? What are some of it’s features?
Complex neurodevelopmental disorder that involves deletion of 25 genes on a single chromosome. Prevalence is 1 in 7500 live births. There are multiple physical, cognitive and behavioral features, are often very friendly with marked anxiety. Physical features are facial dysmorphology, heart disease, growth deficiency and connective tissue abnormalities.
What are cognitive characteristics of Williams Syndrome?
Global developmental delays with mild to moderate IQ. Difficulties with visual spatial construction (unique), which causes deficits in motor development and independence.
What are language characteristics of Williams Syndrome in regards to form?
Canonical babbling is delayed, but no lasting effects on speech. Grammatical ability is usually around same as cognitive level, sometimes slightly lower.
What are language characteristics of WS in regards to content?
Understanding concrete vocabulary is a strength, whereas there is a profound difficulty with relational or conceptual vocabulary.
