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Intro to Sociology > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sociological perspective

A

general patterns in the behavior of particular people; society guides us

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2
Q

Durkheim

A

study of suicide illustrates importance of social level thinking; parttern on social rather than individual level; social fact; solidarity; suicide

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3
Q

social fact

A

social level forces that constrain behavior; individuals have external constraints

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4
Q

socialization

A

continusing proces where an ind acquires a personal identity and learns the values, norms, behaviors, and social skills of their society and their position w/i that society

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5
Q

culture

A

ways of thinking, the ways of acting and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life; important elements: symbols, language, value/beliefs, norms

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6
Q

symbols

A

carrier a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture

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7
Q

values and beliefs

A

cultural stands/specific thoughts or ideas

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8
Q

folkways

A

norms for routine or casual interaction (ex: dress)

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9
Q

more

A

norms that are widely observed and have great moral significane (ex:taboos)

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10
Q

functionalist approach

A

framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts promote solidarity and stability

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11
Q

Comte

A

1st functionlist; coined “sociology; believed strict adherance to scientific method could lead to favoral social change; believed scientific method could be applied to society; positivist; “sturctural functionalism”

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12
Q

postivism

A

there exists an objective and understandable reality that can be fully accessed and understood by the reasercher

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13
Q

“structural functionalism”

A

framework for builidng theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts promote solidarity and stability

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14
Q

Spencer

A

social darwinism “survival of the fittest”; societies evolve from barbarian to civilized (lower to higher) forms naturally

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15
Q

mechanical solidarity

A

shared consciousness and tasks; primitive; repressive law is sacred and profance

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16
Q

organic solidarity

A

division of labor, more idffusive consciousnes; resitutive law

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17
Q

dynamic density

A

of people and their frequency of interaction increases organic solidarity

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18
Q

anomic suicide

A

anomie; indivual in recess, not enought societal regulation

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19
Q

anomie

A

not knowing what on eis expected to do

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20
Q

egoistic suicide

A

meaninglessness, moreally free to kill themselves; too much societal regualtion, individual in recess

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21
Q

altruistic suicide

A

led by the group to kill themselves; too much societal regulation, individual in recess

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22
Q

fatalisitc suicide

A

depressed by lack of freedom; too much social regulation, individual animated

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23
Q

Merton

A

dysfunctions and functions; functions help a system adapt, dysfuctions have an adverse affect on system’s abilityt o adapt; manifest/latent

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24
Q

strain theory

A

cultural goals + instituional means = outcome

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25
Q

conformity

A

cultural goals: + and instituational means: +

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26
Q

innovation

A

cultual goals: + and institutional means: -

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27
Q

ritual

A

cultural goals: - and insitutional means: +

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28
Q

retreatism

A

cultural goals: - and insitutional means: -

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29
Q

rebellion

A

cultural goals: -/+ and institutional means: +/-

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30
Q

Marx

A

conflict theory; bourgeosie vs. proletariat; believed capitalism would destroy itself

31
Q

bourgeoisie vs. proletariat

A

captialist/owners of means of productionvs. working people (those who do not own means of production)

32
Q

Marx believed capitalism would destroy itself bc

A

(1) oor wokring conditions/low wages (2) competition among capitalists (3) worker alientation

33
Q

worker alientation

A

workers estranged from their social world and feel their life is meaning meaningless

34
Q

under capitalism workers alientated from

A

(1) productive work (2) product (3) other people/workers (4) species being (creativity)

35
Q

macro theory

A

Durkheim, Marx

36
Q

micro theory

A

Goffman, Garfinkel

37
Q

middle ground/syntheses theory

A

Merton, Bourdieu

38
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicated w one another

39
Q

ascribed status

A

recieved at birth or taken on voluntarily

40
Q

achieved status

A

relfects personal ability and effort

41
Q

roles

A

expected behavior of someone who holds a particular status

42
Q

Goffman

A

dramaturgical analysis; life as theather; front/back stage/ impression management

43
Q

dramaturgical analysis

A

social life is series of dramic performances

44
Q

impression management

A

embaresment and tact; we don’t typically embarrass people or call them out in front stage; morality stems from individuaiton in modernity

45
Q

Garfinkel

A

ethnomethodology; social life isn’t about whats real its about what works; you should follow the rules; social consturction of reality; breaching experiements; context of interactions, symbols, and language lends meaning/intelligeiblity (not the words/symbols themselves)

46
Q

ethnomethodology

A

HOW things happen; mundane behaviors

47
Q

social construction of reality

A

people creatively shape reality through social interaction

48
Q

breaching experiements

A

designed to disrupt presumption of coherent reality

49
Q

accounts

A

how inds explain, criticize, idealize specific situtaitons

50
Q

quantitive methods

A

Durkheim; rely on stats and math; surveys; more in line w scientific method; positivism; critique: respond in accord w preconceptions

51
Q

qualitative methods

A

more subjective; interviews; interpretive sociology; post-positivism; critiques: generalizes/ not techniques

52
Q

interpretive sociology

A

meanings/definitions/categories come from research subjects rather tahn researcher

53
Q

critical sociologist

A

(Marx) rejects value neutrality bc sociologists should be activists in pursuit of greater equality

54
Q

socialization

A

continuing process whereby an individual acuqires a personal indentiy and learns the values, norms, behavior, and social skills or their socieyt (or culture) and their position within that society (or culture)

55
Q

Cooley

A

looking glass self

56
Q

looking glass self

A

we form our sense of oursevles by using others and their reactions to us (mirrors) to asses who we are and how we are doing

57
Q

Mead

A

believed there was more to the self than just outside appraisals; I, me; development of self: imitation, play game stages

58
Q

I

A

active, creative, spontaneous, agentic

59
Q

me

A

passive (looking glass self)

60
Q

imitation stage

A

empty mimicry

61
Q

play stage

A

child play at being someone else; generally child takes on the role of the significant others and how they relate to them

62
Q

game stage

A

child can assume ther roles of and coordinate activities w multiple participanta nd take on the role of the generalized other

63
Q

significant others

A

any person who has great importance to an individual’s life or well-being

64
Q

generalized other

A

any time that an actor tries to imagine what is expected of them

65
Q

agents of socialization

A

how social facts are passed; family, peer group, class

66
Q

Lareau

A

concerted cultivation; accomplishment of natural growth; tranmission of differenetial advantages

67
Q

concerted cultivation

A

children’s talents are nurtured via organized leisure activities and usage of reasoning rather than directions; upper/middle class; advantages

68
Q

accomplishment of natural growth

A

fewer structured activities parents have less time to impress values on children that wil help them in school, parents offer directives; working class

69
Q

cultural captial

A

Bourdieu; interpersonal skills/habits to gain adv in society

70
Q

economic captial

A

money/material objects to produce goods/services; Bourdieu

71
Q

symbolic captial

A

Bourdieu; abilityt o justify other form of capital

72
Q

social cpaital

A

Bourdieu; positions/relaitons in social networks to obtan other forms of capital

73
Q

Arnett

A

emerging adulthood

74
Q

emerging adulthood

A

(1) identity exploration (2) instability (3) self-focus (4) feeling “in-between” (5) belief in possibilities

Intro to Sociology (2 decks)

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