Part 1

Question 1

What are the two types of natural fibres?

Answer 1

• plant (cellulose/ vegetable)

- Animal (protein)

Question 2

Name three examples of natural fibres made from cellulose

Answer 2

• cotton
• linen
• ramie

Question 3

What is the source of cellulose fibres?

Answer 3

• formed through photosynthesis

- composed of glucose polymer which is cellulose

Question 4

Name additional cellulose fibre examples

Answer 4

• hemp
• bamboo
• jute

Question 5

Name two examples of protein fibres

Answer 5

• wool ( sheep, goats, rabbits)

- silk (silkworms, spiders)

Question 6

What is the source of protein fibres?

Answer 6

• food taken in by animals is transformed into fibres forming protein
• compose of the protein

Question 7

Natural fibres are staple fibres what is the only exception to this?

Answer 7

Silk which is a Filament fibre

Question 8

What are the two types of man made fibres?

Answer 8

• regenerated- made from wood pulp or cotton waste

- synthetic - made from petroleum such as coal and oil

Question 9

What is a regenerated fibre?

Answer 9

A fibre which is man made but also made from cellulosic fibres (pants).

Question 10

What is a synthetic fibre?

Answer 10

A fibre made from synthetic polymers based on oil.

Question 11

What are the two categories of regenerated fibres?

Answer 11

Regenerated fibres

New generation Lyocell fibres

Question 12

Name two examples of regenerated fibres and their source.

Answer 12

• viscose made from wood pulp

- acetate made from cotton waste

Question 13

Name two examples of the new generation lyocell fibres

Answer 13

• lyocell which is stain resistant

- modal

Question 14

What is the source of regenerated fibres?

Answer 14

Cellulose extracted from wood pulp and chemically treated.

Question 15

What is the source of the new generation lyocell fibres?

Answer 15

More environmentally friendly- cellulose harvested from Syrian my grown trees. Some of the fibres are produced on a closed loop system- reuses chemicals needed to modify the cellulose.

Question 16

Name five examples of synthetic fibres and what materials they can be made into.

Answer 16

• polyamides( nylon, tactel (microfibre) and supplex - aramid fibres are high performance polyamides ( Kevlar and nomex)
• polyester ( trevira (microfibre) polartec (polar fleece)
• polyacrylic (acrylic)
• elastomeric fibres ( elastane ( Lycra)- elasticicity property. Only a small amount is needed to give a stretch. The fibres form the core of core spun yarns used to produce stretch yarns and stretch fabrics.

Question 17

What are polymers?

Answer 17

Polymers are very long molecules. All fibres have large polymers which lie alongside each other and are bonded together.

Question 18

What type of polymers is used in natural fibres?

Answer 18

Plant and animal fibres are constructed from natural polymers.

Question 19

What type of polymers are used to construct regenerated fibres?

Answer 19

Cellulose man made fibres are formed from natural polymers of cellulose fibres.the cellulose is dissolved and passed through spinning jets.

Question 20

What type of polymer is used to construct synthetic fibres?

Answer 20

Synthetic man made fibres are made from petroleum products their polymers are formed synthetically or artificially.

Question 21

What are inorganic fibres?

Answer 21

Inorganic fibres are another type of man made fibre which is created from natural elements. After being processed at high speeds they are transformed into fibres

Question 22

Examples of inorganic fibres

Answer 22

Glass
Carbon
Metallic
Ceramic

Question 23

What are smart materials?

Answer 23

Smart materials are another type of man made fibres which react to an external stimuli/ change in environment without human intervention. Once the stimuli changes it reverts back to its original form.

Question 24

What are examples of smart materials?

Answer 24

Reactive materials-thermochromics
Photochromic materials- respond to change in light
Phase changing materials- ability to absorb, store and release body heat. Outlast, a small fabric used in sport wear.

Question 25

What are modern materials/ technical textiles?

Answer 25

New materials that have been developed through new technology. They are not smart materials because they don’t react to external stimuli.

Question 26

Examples of modern materials/ technical textiles

Answer 26

- microfibres- extremely fine fibres such as tactel or trevira - microwncapsulation -Gore-tex - Kevlar and nomex Nano fibres- finer then microfibres. Recent development such as anti- stick or select cleaning fibres

Question 27

What are fibres?

Answer 27

Fibres are ver fine hair like threads and are the basic building block of fabrics. They are all made up of atoms that are joined together to make molecules.

Question 28

What are molecules?

Answer 28

Molecules are made up of atoms. Molecules link together to form long chains called polymers.

Question 29

How can fibres make yarn?

Answer 29

Fibres must be twisted or spun together to make yarn before they can be made into woven or knitted fabric.

Question 30

Fibres can be short or long. What are the names of these types of fibres.

Answer 30

- staple and filament. Staple fibres are short and hairy. They range from a few centimetres in cotton, to almost a metre in linen and ramie. Most natural fibres are staple fibres. Filament fibres are smooth very long continuous length.synthetic fibres are continuous in length filament as they can be manufactured to any length .

Question 31

What are other sustainable alternatives to cotton which are being found by technologists?

Answer 31

Bamboo, pineapple, banana leaf fibres

Question 32

Name characteristics of cellulosic fibres.

Answer 32

Strong Good at absorbing water Take a long time to dry Take dye well Not subjected to static electricity Can be washed and ironed at high temperatures without damage. Cool to wear in hot conditions- do not trap air- not thermal insulators. Coast ribbon structure of cotton- doesn’t reflect light- appears dull. Linen- regular shape- looks shiny/ lustrous Crease badly Shrink Easily set alight

Question 33

Characteristics of wool protein fibre

Answer 33

Soft and warm Natural crimp- trap air Doesn’t crease easily- crimp allows it to stretch then return to the original length. Naturally water repellent- if subjected to heavy wetting will absorb water. Good at absorbing moisture- can absorb 30% of it weight without feeling wet.

Question 34

Characteristic of silk protein fibre

Answer 34

Lightweight Smooth Shape gives it a natural lustre. Very strong- weak when wet- carful when washing Warm and absorbent- feel nice next to skin Natural elasticity but creases badly

Question 35

What does the property of textile materials depend on?

Answer 35

What fibres are used e.g natural, synthetic, regenerated. | And the way that the fabrics are made ( bonded, knitted, woven) and finished ( stain resistant added- fences) (brushes?)

Question 36

What functional properties are important in materials?

Answer 36

``` Strength Resistance to abrasion Absorbency Ability to insulate Elasticity Drape Stiffness Flammability Easy care Colour fastness Heat set ( pleats) ``` In some products the aesthetic of the fabric is more important then it’s function. Aesthetic is about personal taste.

Question 37

How does cost effect whether a fabric is appropriate or not?

Answer 37

The cost may do state whether a fabric is appropriate for a specific application, especially in manufacture while also making a profit. Some are more difficult to make so will cost more. Silk and wool more expensive then cotton. Complex weaving and knitting will be costlier as will special finishes put on to fabric. Some are scarcer.

Question 38

How does manufacture impact the choice of fabric?

Answer 38

Lurxury used for a bespoke outfit maybe for a celeb. | Special manufacturing techniques or equipment may mean they certain fabrics are inappropriate.

Question 39

How does disposal of materials affect the fabric choice?

Answer 39

Concerns about the environment impacts the materials that produces are made from and whether or not they are sustainable, can be recycled or are biodegradable. New developments in the source and processing of a textile materials are helping to make textiles produces less damaging when disposed of. Designers need to take these factors into account when putting together a fabric spec and selecting fabric labels for a product.

Question 40

Examples of natural hair/ protein fibres ( a level)

Answer 40

Cashmere Mohair Angora

Question 41

Why do regenerated fibres have to be chemically treated?

Answer 41

Because they are too short to be spun into yarn so they have to modify the cellulose so it can be made into fibre.

Question 42

What happens each time regenerated fibres are developed?

Answer 42

They develop in strength, softness and crease resistance