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Environmental Science > Part 1 (Chapters 1, 2, and 3) > Flashcards

Part 1 (Chapters 1, 2, and 3) Flashcards

1
Q

The study of how we decide to use scarce resources to satisfy the demand.

A

Economics

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2
Q

A social system that converts resources into goods and services.

A

Economy

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3
Q

A material commodity manufactured for and bought by individuals and businesses.

A

Goods

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4
Q

Work done for others as a form of business.

A

Services

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5
Q

A survival economy, one in which people meet most or all of their daily needs directly from nature and do not purchase or trade for most of life’s necessities.

A

Subsistence economy

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6
Q

An economy in which buyers and sellers interact to determine which goods and services to produce, how much of them to produce and how to distribute them

A

Capitalist market economy

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7
Q

An economy in which a nation’s government determines how to allocate resources in a top-down manner. Also called a state socialist economy

A

Centrally planned economies

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8
Q

An essential service an ecosystem provides that supports life and makes economic activity possible. For example, ecosystems naturally purify air and water, cycle nutrients, provide for plants to be animals, and serve as a receptacles recycling systems for the waste generated by our economic activity.

A

Ecosystem seviece

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9
Q

Father of classical economics. Believed when people are free to pursue their own economic self-interest in a competitive marketplace, the marketplace will behave as if guided by an invisible hand.

A

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

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10
Q

Founded by Adam Smith the study of the behavior of buyers and sellers in a free market economy, Holds that individuals acting in their own self-interest may benefit society, provided that their behavior is constrained by the rule of law and by private property rights and operates within competitive markets.

A

Classical economics

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11
Q

A theory of economics that explains market prices in terms of consumer preferences for units of particular commodities.

A

Neoclassical economics

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12
Q

A method commonly used by neoclassical economists, in which estimated costs for a proposed action are totaled and then compared to the sum of benefits estimated to result from the action.

A

Cost-benefit analysis

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13
Q

A negative externality; a cost borne by someone not involved in an economic transaction. Examples include harm to citizens from water pollution or air pollution discharged by nearby factories.

A

External costs

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14
Q

A developing school of economics that applies the principles of ecology and systems thinking to the description and analysis of economies.

A

Ecological economists

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15
Q

An economy that does not grow or shrink but remains stable

A

Steady-state economy

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16
Q

They call for reform. Believe we can attain sustainability within our current economic systems. Developing school of economics that modifies the principles of neoclassical economics to address environmental challenges

A

Environmental economists

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17
Q

A value that is not usually included in the price of a good or service.

A

Nonmarket values

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18
Q

The failure of markets to take into account the environments positive effects on economies or to reflect the negative effects of economic activity on the environment and thereby on people.

A

Market failure

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19
Q

A rule or guideline that directs individual, organizational, or societal behavior.

A

Policy

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20
Q

Policy made by governments, local, state federal, international levels; consists of legislation, regulations, orders incentives and practices intended to advance societal welfare.

A

Public policy

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21
Q

Public policy that pertains to human interactions with the environment. It generally aims to regulate resource use or reduce pollution to promote human welfare and/or protect natural systems.

A

Environmental policy

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22
Q

A party that fails to invest in controlling pollution or carrying out other environmentally responsible activities and instead relies on the efforts of other parties to do so.

A

Free rider

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23
Q

Statutory law.

A

Legislation

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24
Q

specific rule by administrative agency, based on the more broadly written statutory law passed by congress and enacted by the president

A

Regulations

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25
Q

a U.S. law enacted on Jan 1, 1970, that created an agency called Council on Environmental Quality and required an environmental impact statement be prepared for any major federal action.

A

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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26
Q

a report of results from detailed studies that assess the potential effects on the environment that would likely result from development projects or other actions undertaken by the government.

A

Environmental impact statement (EIS)

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27
Q

An administrative agency created by executive order in 1970 The EPA is charged with conducting and evaluating research monitoring environmental quality, setting standards, enforcing those standards assisting the states in meeting standards and goals;, and educating the public.

A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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28
Q

International law that arises from long standing practices or a customs, held in common by most cultures.

A

Customary law

29
Q

International law that arises from conventions, or treaties that nations agree to enter into.

A

Conventional law

30
Q

An approach to protecting the environment that sets strict legal limits and threatens punishment for violations of those limits.

A

Command-and-control

31
Q

A government incentive (a giveaway of cash or publicly owned resources or a tax breaks) intended to encourage a particular activity.

A

Subsidy

32
Q

A levy on environmentally harmful activities and products aimed at providing a market based incentive to correct for market failure

A

Green taxes

33
Q

A permit issued to polluters that allows them to emit a certain fraction of the total amount of pollution the government will allow an entire industry to produce. Polluters are then allowed to buy, sell, and trade these permits with other polluters.

A

Marketable emissions permits

34
Q

The practice of designation on a product’s label how the product was grown, harvested or manufactured, so that consumers buying it are aware of the processes involved and can differentiate between brands that use processes believed to be environmentally beneficial (or less harmful) and those that do not.

A

Ecolabeling

35
Q

: The condition of extremely low dissolved oxygen concentrations in a body of water.

A

Hypoxia

36
Q

Used by plants for photosynthesis, given off by respiration (breathing out), and released by burning fossil fuels. Primary greenhouse gas. Contributes to global climate change.

A

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

37
Q

: Molecule consisting of the atoms of oxygen. Absorbs ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere.

A

Ozone

38
Q

Acid

A

(Acid < 7) 0-7

39
Q

Base

A

(Base > 7) 7-14

40
Q

Neutral pH

A

water 7

41
Q

A compound made up of Carbon atoms

A

Organic Compound

42
Q

An organic compound consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms

A

Hydrocarbon

43
Q

A macromolecules made up of long chains of amino acids.

A

Protein

44
Q

A macromolecule that directs the production of proteins.

A

Nucleic acids

45
Q

Physical law stating that energy can change from one form to another but cannot be created or lost. The total energy in the universe remains constant and is said to be conserved.

A

First law of thermodynamics

46
Q

Physical law stating that the nature of energy tends to change from a more-ordered state to a less-ordered state.

A

Second law of thermodynamics

47
Q

The energy or biomass that remains in an ecosystem after autotrophs have metabolize enough for their own maintenance though cellular respiration. Net primary production is the energy or biomass available for consumption by heterotrophs.

A

Net primary production

48
Q

The flow of water―in liquid, gaseous, and solid forms―through our biotic and abiotic environment.

A

Hydrological cycle

49
Q

Release of water vapor by plants through their leaves.

A

Transpiration

50
Q

Plate tectonic process by which denser ocean crust slides beneath lighter continental crust at a convergent plate boundary.

A

Subduction

51
Q

The shift around 10,000 years ago from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural way of life in which people began to grow their own crops and raise domesticated animals.

A

Agricultural revolution

52
Q

The shift in the mid-1700s from rural life, animal-powered agriculture, and manufacturing by craftsmen to an urban society powered by fossil fuels such as coal and crude oil.

A

Industrial revolution

53
Q

A nonrenewable natural resource, such as crude oil, natural gas, or coal produced by the decomposition and compression of organic matter from ancient life.

A

Fossil Fuels

54
Q

Believed Population needed to be controlled or else it would outgrow available food supply. (Didn’t take into account advances in technology and agriculture)

A

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

55
Q

: The cumulative amount of land and water required to provide the raw material a person or population consumes and to dispose of or recycle the waste that is produced.

A

Ecological footprint

56
Q

The portion of an experiment in which a variable has been manipulated in order to test its effects.

A

Treatment

57
Q

An ethicist who maintains that ethics do and should vary with social context.

A

Relativists

58
Q

An ethicist who maintains that there exist objective notions of right and wrong that hold across cultures and situations.

A

Universalists

59
Q

The criteria that help differentiate right from wrong.

A

Ethical Standards

60
Q

The application of ethical standards to the environmental questions.

A

Environmental ethics

61
Q

Associated with the preservation ethic, wanted to preserve the wilderness, United States at this time was rapidly expanding west and urbanizing the land, he wanted the U.S. to restrain its self some.

A

John Muir (1838-1914)

62
Q

An ethic holding that we should protect the natural environment in a pristine, unaltered state.

A

Preservation ethic

63
Q

closely associated with Conservation, Founded U.S. Forrest Service, took a more anthropocentric view than Muir

A

Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946)

64
Q

A treaty or binding agreement among national governments.

A

Conservation

65
Q

though humans should view themselves as part of the “land”, wrote “A Sand County Almanac”, animals and plants not viewed as being purely “good” or purely “bad”, great philosopher of environmental ethics.

A

Aldo Leopold

66
Q

A movement based on a moral sense of fairness and equality that seeks to expand a society’s domain of ethical concern from rich to poor, and from majority races and ethnic groups to minority ones.

A

Environmental justice

67
Q

The most comprehensive scientific assessment of the present condition of the world’s ecological system and their ability to continue supporting our civilization. Prepared by over 2,000 of the world’s leading environmental scientists from nearly 1000 nations, and completed in 2005.

A

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

68
Q

Development that satisfies our current needs without compromising the future availability of natural resources or our future quality of life.

A

Sustainable development

Environmental Science (2 decks)

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