Part 1 (Chapters 1, 2, and 3)

Question 1

The study of how we decide to use scarce resources to satisfy the demand.

Answer 1

Economics

Question 2

A social system that converts resources into goods and services.

Answer 2

Economy

Question 3

A material commodity manufactured for and bought by individuals and businesses.

Answer 3

Goods

Question 4

Work done for others as a form of business.

Answer 4

Services

Question 5

A survival economy, one in which people meet most or all of their daily needs directly from nature and do not purchase or trade for most of life’s necessities.

Answer 5

Subsistence economy

Question 6

An economy in which buyers and sellers interact to determine which goods and services to produce, how much of them to produce and how to distribute them

Answer 6

Capitalist market economy

Question 7

An economy in which a nation’s government determines how to allocate resources in a top-down manner. Also called a state socialist economy

Answer 7

Centrally planned economies

Question 8

An essential service an ecosystem provides that supports life and makes economic activity possible. For example, ecosystems naturally purify air and water, cycle nutrients, provide for plants to be animals, and serve as a receptacles recycling systems for the waste generated by our economic activity.

Answer 8

Ecosystem seviece

Question 9

Father of classical economics. Believed when people are free to pursue their own economic self-interest in a competitive marketplace, the marketplace will behave as if guided by an invisible hand.

Answer 9

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

Question 10

Founded by Adam Smith the study of the behavior of buyers and sellers in a free market economy, Holds that individuals acting in their own self-interest may benefit society, provided that their behavior is constrained by the rule of law and by private property rights and operates within competitive markets.

Answer 10

Classical economics

Question 11

A theory of economics that explains market prices in terms of consumer preferences for units of particular commodities.

Answer 11

Neoclassical economics

Question 12

A method commonly used by neoclassical economists, in which estimated costs for a proposed action are totaled and then compared to the sum of benefits estimated to result from the action.

Answer 12

Cost-benefit analysis

Question 13

A negative externality; a cost borne by someone not involved in an economic transaction. Examples include harm to citizens from water pollution or air pollution discharged by nearby factories.

Answer 13

External costs

Question 14

A developing school of economics that applies the principles of ecology and systems thinking to the description and analysis of economies.

Answer 14

Ecological economists

Question 15

An economy that does not grow or shrink but remains stable

Answer 15

Steady-state economy

Question 16

They call for reform. Believe we can attain sustainability within our current economic systems. Developing school of economics that modifies the principles of neoclassical economics to address environmental challenges

Answer 16

Environmental economists

Question 17

A value that is not usually included in the price of a good or service.

Answer 17

Nonmarket values

Question 18

The failure of markets to take into account the environments positive effects on economies or to reflect the negative effects of economic activity on the environment and thereby on people.

Answer 18

Market failure

Question 19

A rule or guideline that directs individual, organizational, or societal behavior.

Answer 19

Policy

Question 20

Policy made by governments, local, state federal, international levels; consists of legislation, regulations, orders incentives and practices intended to advance societal welfare.

Answer 20

Public policy

Question 21

Public policy that pertains to human interactions with the environment. It generally aims to regulate resource use or reduce pollution to promote human welfare and/or protect natural systems.

Answer 21

Environmental policy

Question 22

A party that fails to invest in controlling pollution or carrying out other environmentally responsible activities and instead relies on the efforts of other parties to do so.

Answer 22

Free rider

Question 23

Statutory law.

Answer 23

Legislation

Question 24

specific rule by administrative agency, based on the more broadly written statutory law passed by congress and enacted by the president

Answer 24

Regulations

Question 25

a U.S. law enacted on Jan 1, 1970, that created an agency called Council on Environmental Quality and required an environmental impact statement be prepared for any major federal action.

Answer 25

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

Question 26

a report of results from detailed studies that assess the potential effects on the environment that would likely result from development projects or other actions undertaken by the government.

Answer 26

Environmental impact statement (EIS)

Question 27

An administrative agency created by executive order in 1970 The EPA is charged with conducting and evaluating research monitoring environmental quality, setting standards, enforcing those standards assisting the states in meeting standards and goals;, and educating the public.

Answer 27

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Question 28

International law that arises from long standing practices or a customs, held in common by most cultures.

Answer 28

Customary law

Question 29

International law that arises from conventions, or treaties that nations agree to enter into.

Answer 29

Conventional law

Question 30

An approach to protecting the environment that sets strict legal limits and threatens punishment for violations of those limits.

Answer 30

Command-and-control

Question 31

A government incentive (a giveaway of cash or publicly owned resources or a tax breaks) intended to encourage a particular activity.

Answer 31

Subsidy

Question 32

A levy on environmentally harmful activities and products aimed at providing a market based incentive to correct for market failure

Answer 32

Green taxes

Question 33

A permit issued to polluters that allows them to emit a certain fraction of the total amount of pollution the government will allow an entire industry to produce. Polluters are then allowed to buy, sell, and trade these permits with other polluters.

Answer 33

Marketable emissions permits

Question 34

The practice of designation on a product’s label how the product was grown, harvested or manufactured, so that consumers buying it are aware of the processes involved and can differentiate between brands that use processes believed to be environmentally beneficial (or less harmful) and those that do not.

Answer 34

Ecolabeling

Question 35

: The condition of extremely low dissolved oxygen concentrations in a body of water.

Answer 35

Hypoxia

Question 36

Used by plants for photosynthesis, given off by respiration (breathing out), and released by burning fossil fuels. Primary greenhouse gas. Contributes to global climate change.

Answer 36

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Question 37

: Molecule consisting of the atoms of oxygen. Absorbs ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere.

Answer 37

Ozone

Question 38

Acid

Answer 38

(Acid < 7) 0-7

Question 39

Base

Answer 39

(Base > 7) 7-14

Question 40

Neutral pH

Answer 40

water 7

Question 41

A compound made up of Carbon atoms

Answer 41

Organic Compound

Question 42

An organic compound consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms

Answer 42

Hydrocarbon

Question 43

A macromolecules made up of long chains of amino acids.

Answer 43

Protein

Question 44

A macromolecule that directs the production of proteins.

Answer 44

Nucleic acids

Question 45

Physical law stating that energy can change from one form to another but cannot be created or lost. The total energy in the universe remains constant and is said to be conserved.

Answer 45

First law of thermodynamics

Question 46

Physical law stating that the nature of energy tends to change from a more-ordered state to a less-ordered state.

Answer 46

Second law of thermodynamics

Question 47

The energy or biomass that remains in an ecosystem after autotrophs have metabolize enough for their own maintenance though cellular respiration. Net primary production is the energy or biomass available for consumption by heterotrophs.

Answer 47

Net primary production

Question 48

The flow of water―in liquid, gaseous, and solid forms―through our biotic and abiotic environment.

Answer 48

Hydrological cycle

Question 49

Release of water vapor by plants through their leaves.

Answer 49

Transpiration

Question 50

Plate tectonic process by which denser ocean crust slides beneath lighter continental crust at a convergent plate boundary.

Answer 50

Subduction

Question 51

The shift around 10,000 years ago from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural way of life in which people began to grow their own crops and raise domesticated animals.

Answer 51

Agricultural revolution

Question 52

The shift in the mid-1700s from rural life, animal-powered agriculture, and manufacturing by craftsmen to an urban society powered by fossil fuels such as coal and crude oil.

Answer 52

Industrial revolution

Question 53

A nonrenewable natural resource, such as crude oil, natural gas, or coal produced by the decomposition and compression of organic matter from ancient life.

Answer 53

Fossil Fuels

Question 54

Believed Population needed to be controlled or else it would outgrow available food supply. (Didn’t take into account advances in technology and agriculture)

Answer 54

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Question 55

: The cumulative amount of land and water required to provide the raw material a person or population consumes and to dispose of or recycle the waste that is produced.

Answer 55

Ecological footprint

Question 56

The portion of an experiment in which a variable has been manipulated in order to test its effects.

Answer 56

Treatment

Question 57

An ethicist who maintains that ethics do and should vary with social context.

Answer 57

Relativists

Question 58

An ethicist who maintains that there exist objective notions of right and wrong that hold across cultures and situations.

Answer 58

Universalists

Question 59

The criteria that help differentiate right from wrong.

Answer 59

Ethical Standards

Question 60

The application of ethical standards to the environmental questions.

Answer 60

Environmental ethics

Question 61

Associated with the preservation ethic, wanted to preserve the wilderness, United States at this time was rapidly expanding west and urbanizing the land, he wanted the U.S. to restrain its self some.

Answer 61

John Muir (1838-1914)

Question 62

An ethic holding that we should protect the natural environment in a pristine, unaltered state.

Answer 62

Preservation ethic

Question 63

closely associated with Conservation, Founded U.S. Forrest Service, took a more anthropocentric view than Muir

Answer 63

Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946)

Question 64

A treaty or binding agreement among national governments.

Answer 64

Conservation

Question 65

though humans should view themselves as part of the “land”, wrote “A Sand County Almanac”, animals and plants not viewed as being purely “good” or purely “bad”, great philosopher of environmental ethics.

Answer 65

Aldo Leopold

Question 66

A movement based on a moral sense of fairness and equality that seeks to expand a society’s domain of ethical concern from rich to poor, and from majority races and ethnic groups to minority ones.

Answer 66

Environmental justice

Question 67

The most comprehensive scientific assessment of the present condition of the world’s ecological system and their ability to continue supporting our civilization. Prepared by over 2,000 of the world’s leading environmental scientists from nearly 1000 nations, and completed in 2005.

Answer 67

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Question 68

Development that satisfies our current needs without compromising the future availability of natural resources or our future quality of life.

Answer 68

Sustainable development