Part 1 - Diversity And Uniformity Of Life

Question 1

What are the similarities between a plant and a human on a cellular level?

Answer 1

Both have a selectively permeable membrane

Both has a nucleus with a nuclear membrane containing DNA which hold the genetic information

Both contain organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes in a cytosol

Question 2

What are the differences between humans and plants on a cellular level?

Answer 2

Plants have a fixed rectangular shaped cell due to the presence of cellulose in the cell wall

Plant cells contain chloroplasts

Question 3

What does ‘compare’ mean when answering a scientific question?

Answer 3

Emphasis similarities

Question 4

What does ‘contrast’ means in a scientific question?

Answer 4

Emphasis differences

Question 5

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitive date?

Answer 5

Qualitative date is descriptive and can be observed, but it is not measured

Quantitive data is data that can be measured, it involves objective descriptive of quantities and gives rise to a numerical description

Question 6

How would you define growth?

Answer 6

Growth is an increase in the number of cells over time

Question 7

Are all things that grow alive?

Answer 7

Not necessarily consider and ice crystal, it grows as long as their is water and the right environment it will continue to grow

Question 8

Define the term ‘hereditary’?

Answer 8

An organisms ability to pass characteristics from one generation to the next from parent to child, from tree to seedling, from butterfly to caterpillar, from yeast to daughter cells

Question 9

What were the two different kinds of reproduction you encountered in topic 2?

Answer 9

Asexual and

Sexual reproduction

Question 10

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 10

Where only one parent is required and all offspring are genetically identical

Question 11

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 11

Where male and female gametes combine, meaning half he offsprings genes have come from the ‘father’ and half from the ‘mother’. Forming a unique individual

Question 12

Which of the body’s macromolecules are responsible for storing hereditary information about an organisms traits and where it is found?

Answer 12

Heritable information about an organisms traits are stored as DNA in the nucleus

Question 13

Describe the structure of DNA?

Answer 13

Double helix

With 2 long strands that form a ladder like structure

Question 14

What bonds impart stability to the whole structure and bases of DNA?

Answer 14

Hydrogen bonds

Question 15

What lye between the 2 stands in the structure of DNA?

Answer 15

Bases

That act as building blocks

They always match up in a particular fashion

And can be in any order

Question 16

What are the 4 type of bases in a DNA helix?

Answer 16

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

Question 17

In double standard DNA what does the base thymine always pair up with?

Answer 17

Adenine

Question 18

In a double stranded DNA what does guanine always pair with?

Answer 18

Cytosine

Question 19

What are the two stands of the double helix of DNA made out of?

Answer 19

Chemically repeating Nucleotides

Question 20

What are nucleotides?

Answer 20

They make up the strands from the double helix of DNA

They consist of 3 components that repeat themselves.

Question 21

What are the 3 components that nucleotides consist of?

Answer 21

A phosphate group

A sugar

A base (building block eg adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine)

The phosphate and sugar remain the same in every nucleotide but the base can differ

Question 22

What type of sugar is present in DNA?

Answer 22

Deoxyribose

Question 23

What is the full name of DNA?

Answer 23

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 24

What is the sugar-phosphate backbone?

Answer 24

It is the strand of alternating phosphates and sugars that join to form a long chain. These are attached to each other but also attach to the bases of DNA.

You will notice that the phosphate one nucleotide is joined to the sugar of another nucleotide

Question 25

What is the complete set of genetic material that is found in each organisms cells referred to as?

Answer 25

Genome

Question 26

Approximately how many bases make up the human genome?

Answer 26

3.2 billion bases

Question 27

What is a DNA sequence?

Answer 27

It is the sequences of bases held in DNA in the order that they occur E.g. AGCTCGCAT (Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)

Question 28

If a human genome has 3.2 billion bases? How many phosphates and sugars will the DNA withhold?

Answer 28

3.2 billion of each as they consist of 3 compounds

Question 29

What are chromosomes?

Answer 29

They are essentially strings of an organisms genetic code, each consisting of one long DNA molecule attached to other molecules (mainly proteins)

Question 30

How many chromosome do humans have? And what are the two different kinds of chromosomes?

Answer 30

A human cell has: 23 pairs of chromosomes 46 chromosomes in total 22 pairs of autosome chromosomes 1pair of sex chromosomes (that appear different to each other)

Question 31

Can DNA be held anywhere else other than the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 31

A small about of DNA can also be located in the mitochondria (referred to as mitochondria DNA)

Question 32

What analogy can be used to consider the compactness of DNA and the smartness of design of its chemical structure?

Answer 32

Imagine taking a shoelace, hold it firmly at one end and begin twisting it at the other end As you twist the string appears shorted and shorted, eventually curling in on itself. Eventually the string will form a very compact structure

Question 33

During which cellular process are chromosomes most conspicuous?

Answer 33

Chromosomes are most conspicuous during the process of mitosis

Question 34

During what stage of mitosis are chromosomes aligned along the centre of the cell, when their most confessed state and their number, size and shape can be most easily studied?

Answer 34

Metaphase

Question 35

What is a karyotype?

Answer 35

The array of chromosomes that a particular species possesses. I.e. The human female karyotype and the male human karyotype It shows the differences Between the set of 46 chromosomes

Question 36

From looking at a human female karyotype and a human male karyotype how is it easy to compare the two?

Answer 36

The human female karyotype has two X chromosomes that look very similar. The human male karyotype has a single X chromosome and a much smaller Y chromosome.

Question 37

If a karyotype of a certain species had a deviation in the number of chromosomes from the normal standard number what could this indicate?

Answer 37

It would have serious consequences for the organism in question Such as developmental issues, learning disabilities, fertility problems

Question 38

What bonds the two base pairs in the middle of a double helix?

Answer 38

Hydrogen bonds

Question 39

If one of the key properties of DNA is stability, then why does DNA have a structure a bit like a zip fastener, which allows the two long stands of DNA to separate

Answer 39

So that they can replicate during mitosis

Question 40

In DNA what is meant by the term complementary base pairs?

Answer 40

The two bases that form a pair Adenine - Thymine Guanine - cytosine

Question 41

A fragment of double stranded DNA has a total of 100 bases. This means that it has how many complementary base pairs?

Answer 41

50

Question 42

I'm a DNA strand of 100 bases. Thirty of the 100 bases are C which always pair with?

Answer 42

G Guanine

Question 43

I'm a DNA strand of 100 bases. If 30 of the bases are C how many bases are G?

Answer 43

30

Question 44

I'm a DNA strand of 100 bases. If 60 of the bases are either C or G, how many bases must be A AND T?

Answer 44

40