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Immunology > part 10 > Flashcards

part 10 Flashcards

1
Q

how is a B cell activated

A

by antigen and helper T cell, which leads to antibody secretion by plasma cells.

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2
Q

what are the three outcomes of B cell activation

A

Neutralization: antibody prevents bacterial adherence
Opsonization:antibody promotes phagocytosis
Complement Activation: antibody activates complement, which enhances opsonization and lyses some bacteria.

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3
Q

what effector functions do antibodies heavily rely on

A

isotype switching

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4
Q

what is TD activation

A

require the activation of B cells by helper T cells that respond to the same antigen; this is called linked recognition.

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5
Q

what is the first signal in B cell

A

BCRs

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6
Q

what is the second signal in T cells

A

CD28 to bring in PI3K to secrete IL-2

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7
Q

what is the second signal in B cells

A

CD40 and IL-4.
This allows for cell proliferation, Ig class switching, and affinity maturation.
IL-5 and IL-6 are required in later steps.

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8
Q

what is TI activation

A

activate B cells in the absence of MHC class II-restricted T cell help.

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9
Q

what type of antigens activate B cells in TI

A

TI antigens are generally large polymeric molecules (such as polysaccharides) that have repetitive subunits capable of cross-linking mIg on the B cell surface

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10
Q

what are like the TLRs in signal 2

A

PRRs

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11
Q

what does CD19 do in B cells

A

bring in PI3K
similar to CD28 in T cells

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12
Q

what is CD21/CR2

A

CD21/CR2 recognizes complement proteins attached to the pathogen
This is similar to CD4/8 and CD28 interactions in T cells.

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13
Q

what happens when a pathogen is bound by the antibody receptor plus the coreceptors

A

activation increase by 10,000 times

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14
Q

what happens when the B cell is engaged by antibody:coreceptors, and is presented to T helper cell:CD40:IL-4, 5, 6

A

B cell proliferation

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15
Q

what can B cells differentiate into

A

resting memory cells or antibody-secreting plasma cells

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16
Q

what is linked recognition

A

T cells recognize one specific protein, while B cells recognize a different one.
However, they do recognize the same antigen; cognates.

17
Q

what helps maintain self-tolerance

A

B cells can recognize self-peptides, but T cells can’t be activated through self-peptides due to not sufficient receptors
Dendritic cells link cognate T and B cells

18
Q

what can B cell antibody receptors recognize

A

3D shapes linked to the pathogen (like a sugar)

19
Q

what will antibodies recognize once the B cell breaks down antigen and is activated

A

secreted antibodie will recognize what macromolecule was recognized on the surface of the antigen

20
Q

what is a hapten

A

a antigen that is too small to be detected/recognized by immune cells

21
Q

how does the immune system respond to haptens

A

A carrier protein tricks the immune system into mounting a response

22
Q

why are carrier proteins important irl

A

can be helpful for vaccines, but can cause allergic reactions (like to penicillin or antibodies)

23
Q

what happens when a helper T cell binds to B cell and begins to synthesize IL-4 and CD40L

A

MTOC rearranges the cytoskeleton, most notably the Golgi apparatus

24
Q

what is cell is the golgi rearranged

A

in the T helper cell

25
Q

why is the golgi rearranged

A

allows for targeted secretion of IL-4 in the immunosynaptic junction between the T and B cell

26
Q

what proteins link the T and B cell together to form immunosynaptic junction

A

talins

27
Q

what is the function of CD30

A

cellular survival, differentiation, and lymphocyte activation

28
Q

what does BAFF do

A

a ligand that is required for peripheral B-cell survival and homeostasis.
also regulates expression of certain B-cell-surface proteins, such as CD21/35.

29
Q

what T cells secrete IL-4/activate B cells

A

TH2 and TFH

30
Q

CD40 and IL4 allows

A

Proliferation
Differentiation
Affinity maturation
Isotype switching

31
Q

what does Affinity maturation and isotype switching refer to

A

the type of antibody generated

32
Q

how are follicular B cells activated

A

by the antigen expressing CCR7 and migrate to boundary of the follicle and the T cell area

33
Q

where in the LN do B cells reside

A

germinal centers

34
Q

where do T cells reside in the LN

A

paracortical region

35
Q

what makes T and B cells together and makes them stay put in LN

A

cytokines

36
Q

what is the likelihood of T and B cell cognates coming together

A

10^8-12
10,000 B cells and 1,000,000 T cells, which is how that range is created.

37
Q
A

Immunology (11 decks)

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