Part 2

Question 1

1. What happens to barometric pressure as altitude increases?
   A) It increases
   B) It decreases
   C) It remains the same
   D) It fluctuates
2. What remains relatively unchanged with an increase in altitude?
   A) Partial pressure of O2
   B) Partial pressure of H2O and CO2
   C) Percentage composition of air
   D) Barometric pressure
3. What is the primary cause of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   A) Decreased alveolar PO2
   B) Increased alveolar PO2
   C) Decreased barometric pressure
   D) Increased humidity
4. Which of the following is a symptom of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   A) Headache and dizziness
   B) Nausea and vomiting
   C) Breathlessness and hyperventilation
   D) All of the above
5. What is a potential severe complication of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   A) Cerebral edema
   B) Convulsions
   C) Unconsciousness
   D) All of the above
6. At what altitude do symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness typically start?
   A) Above 10,000 ft
   B) Above 14,000 ft
   C) Above 18,000 ft
   D) Above 20,000 ft
7. What is a common treatment for Acute Mountain Sickness?
   A) Descent to lower altitude
   B) Acetazolamide (diuretic)
   C) Oxygen therapy
   D) All of the above

Answer 1

Here are the answers to the 7 MCQs:

1. B) It decreases
2. B) Partial pressure of H2O and CO2
3. A) Decreased alveolar PO2
4. D) All of the above
5. D) All of the above
6. B) Above 14,000 ft
7. D) All of the above

Question 2

Here are 5 MCQs based on the text:

1. What happens to barometric pressure as altitude increases?
   A) Increases
   B) Decreases
   C) Remains the same
   D) Fluctuates
2. What is the typical altitude above which symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness start?
   A) 10,000 ft
   B) 12,000 ft
   C) 14,000 ft
   D) 16,000 ft
3. What is the primary cause of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   A) Decreased alveolar PO2
   B) Increased alveolar PO2
   C) Decreased barometric pressure
   D) Increased humidity
4. What is a severe complication of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   A) Cerebral edema
   B) Convulsions
   C) Unconsciousness
   D) All of the above
5. What is a common treatment for Acute Mountain Sickness?
   A) Descent to lower altitude
   B) Acetazolamide
   C) Oxygen therapy
   D) All of the above

Answer 2

1. What happens to barometric pressure as altitude increases?
   Answer: B) Decreases
2. What is the typical altitude above which symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness start?
   Answer: C) 14,000 ft
3. What is the primary cause of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   Answer: A) Decreased alveolar PO2
4. What is a severe complication of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   Answer: D) All of the above
5. What is a common treatment for Acute Mountain Sickness?
   Answer: D) All of the above

Question 3

Here are the 5 new MCQs with correct question numbers:

1. At high altitudes, what happens to the partial pressures of PO2 and PN2?
   A) Increase
   B) Decrease
   C) Remain unchanged
   D) Fluctuate
2. What is the typical altitude above which symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness start?
   A) 8,000 ft
   B) 10,000 ft
   C) 12,000 ft
   D) 14,000 ft
3. How long do symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness typically last?
   A) 1-2 days
   B) 2-4 days
   C) 4-8 days
   D) 8-12 days
4. What is a severe complication of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   A) Cerebral edema
   B) Convulsions
   C) Unconsciousness
   D) All of the above
5. What is a common treatment for Acute Mountain Sickness?
   A) Descent to lower altitude
   B) Acetazolamide
   C) Oxygen therapy
   D) All of the above

Answer 3

Here are the answers:

1. B) Decrease
2. D) 14,000 ft
3. C) 4-8 days
4. D) All of the above
5. D) All of the above

Question 4

Here are 5 true or false questions based on the text:

1. True or False: As altitude increases, barometric pressure also increases.
2. True or False: The percentage composition of air changes significantly at high altitudes.
3. True or False: Symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness typically start below 10,000 ft.
4. True or False: Severe cases of Acute Mountain Sickness can lead to cerebral edema, convulsions, and unconsciousness.
5. True or False: Descent to lower altitude, Acetazolamide, and Oxygen therapy are all common treatments for Acute Mountain Sickness.

Answer 4

Here are the answers to the 5 true or false questions:

1. False: As altitude increases, barometric pressure decreases.
2. False: The percentage composition of air remains the same as at sea level.
3. False: Symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness typically start above 14,000 ft.
4. True: Severe cases of Acute Mountain Sickness can lead to cerebral edema, convulsions, and unconsciousness.
5. True: Descent to lower altitude, Acetazolamide, and Oxygen therapy are all common treatments for Acute Mountain Sickness.

Question 5

Here are 5 more true or false questions based on the text:

1. True or False: The partial pressures of H2O and CO2 increase significantly at high altitudes.
2. True or False: Acute Mountain Sickness typically develops in individuals who ascend to high altitudes gradually.
3. True or False: Symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness usually begin within 1-2 hours after arrival at high altitude.
4. True or False: Descent to lower altitude is the only effective treatment for Acute Mountain Sickness.
5. True or False: Acetazolamide is a medication used to treat Acute Mountain Sickness by increasing oxygen delivery to the body.

Answer 5

Here are the answers to the 5 true or false questions:

1. False: The partial pressures of H2O and CO2 remain relatively unchanged.
2. False: Acute Mountain Sickness typically develops in individuals who rapidly ascend to high altitudes.
3. False: Symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness usually begin 8-12 hours after arrival at high altitude.
4. False: Descent to lower altitude is one of the treatments, but not the only one; Acetazolamide and Oxygen therapy are also used.
5. False: Acetazolamide is a diuretic used to treat Acute Mountain Sickness, but its exact mechanism is not specifically increasing oxygen delivery to the body.

Question 6

1. What happens to barometric pressure as altitude increases?
2. What is the primary cause of Acute Mountain Sickness?
3. What are the typical symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness?
4. At what altitude do symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness typically start?
5. What are the common treatments for Acute Mountain Sickness?

Answer 6

Here are the answers to the 5 short answer questions with correct numbering:

1. What happens to barometric pressure as altitude increases?
   Answer: It decreases.
2. What is the primary cause of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   Answer: Decreased alveolar PO2.
3. What are the typical symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   Answer: Headache, dizziness, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, breathlessness, hyperventilation, and palpitation.
4. At what altitude do symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness typically start?
   Answer: Above 14,000 ft.
5. What are the common treatments for Acute Mountain Sickness?
   Answer: Descent to lower altitude, Acetazolamide, and Oxygen therapy.

Question 7

1. How does the percentage composition of air change with an increase in altitude?
2. What is the effect of decreased barometric pressure on the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?
3. What is the time frame for the duration of symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness?
4. What is the primary factor that determines the development of Acute Mountain Sickness?
5. How does the body’s ascent to high altitude affect its physiological processes?

Answer 7

Here are the answers to the 5 short answer questions with correct numbering:

1. How does the percentage composition of air change with an increase in altitude?
   Answer: The percentage composition of air remains the same as at sea level.
2. What is the effect of decreased barometric pressure on the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?
   Answer: Decreased barometric pressure leads to decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.
3. What is the time frame for the duration of symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   Answer: Symptoms last for 4-8 days.
4. What is the primary factor that determines the development of Acute Mountain Sickness?
   Answer: Rapid ascent to high altitude.
5. How does the body’s ascent to high altitude affect its physiological processes?
   Answer: Ascent to high altitude causes pathological changes in the body.

Question 8

1. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of CMS?
   A) Easy fatigability
   B) Increased cardiac output
   C) Decreased red blood cell count
   D) Normal pulmonary pressure
2. What is the physiological response to high altitude that helps increase oxygen delivery to tissues?
   A) Hypoventilation
   B) Hyperventilation
   C) Vasoconstriction
   D) Vasodilation
3. Which of the following adaptations occurs in natives of high-altitude areas?
   A) Increased lung capacity
   B) Broader, barrel-shaped chest
   C) Decreased red blood cell count
   D) Normal cardiac output
4. What is the primary mechanism by which the body adapts to high altitude?
   A) Increased oxygen production
   B) Increased red blood cell production
   C) Increased diffusion capacity of lungs
   D) All of the above
5. Which of the following is a consequence of respiratory alkalosis at high altitude?
   A) Excretion of acidic urine
   B) Excretion of alkaline urine
   C) Increased sodium reabsorption
   D) Decreased potassium excretion
6. What is the term for the excessive production of red blood cells in response to high altitude?
   A) Polycythemia
   B) Anemia
   C) Leukocytosis
   D) Thrombocytosis
7. Which of the following is a physical adaptation seen in natives of high-altitude areas?
   A) Tall stature
   B) Short stature
   C) Narrow chest
   D) Normal cardiac size

Answer 8

Here are the answers:

1. A) Easy fatigability
2. B) Hyperventilation
3. B) Broader, barrel-shaped chest
4. D) All of the above
5. B) Excretion of alkaline urine
6. A) Polycythemia
7. B) Short stature

Question 9

1. What is the primary cause of Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS)?
   A) Acute exposure to high altitude
   B) Prolonged stay at high altitude
   C) Physical exertion at high altitude
   D) Genetic predisposition

Answer 9

The correct answer is:

B) Prolonged stay at high altitude

Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) occurs in individuals who stay at high altitudes for extended periods, typically several months or years. Prolonged exposure to high altitude leads to pathological changes in the body, including excessive red blood cell production, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiovascular strain.

Question 10

1. What is the primary effect of high altitude on the cardiovascular system?
   A) Increased cardiac output
   B) Decreased cardiac output
   C) Increased peripheral resistance
   D) Decreased peripheral resistance
2. Which of the following is a symptom of Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS)?
   A) Easy fatigability
   B) Increased appetite
   C) Weight gain
   D) Normal sleep patterns
3. What is the term for the process by which the body adapts to high altitude?
   A) Acclimatization
   B) Adaptation
   C) Habituation
   D) Tolerance
4. Which of the following is a physiological response to high altitude?
   A) Decreased ventilation
   B) Increased ventilation
   C) Decreased heart rate
   D) Increased blood pressure
5. What is the effect of high altitude on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
   A) Shifts to the left
   B) Shifts to the right
   C) Remains unchanged
   D) Becomes flattened
6. Which of the following is a benefit of acclimatization to high altitude?
   A) Increased risk of CMS
   B) Decreased exercise performance
   C) Improved oxygen delivery to tissues
   D) Increased risk of respiratory infections
7. What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis at high altitude?
   A) Hypoventilation
   B) Hyperventilation
   C) Increased CO2 production
   D) Decreased CO2 production
8. Which of the following is a physical adaptation seen in natives of high-altitude areas?
   A) Narrow chest
   B) Broader, barrel-shaped chest
   C) Long limbs
   D) Short limbs

Answer 10

Here are the answers:

1. A) Increased cardiac output
2. A) Easy fatigability
3. A) Acclimatization
4. B) Increased ventilation
5. B) Shifts to the right
6. C) Improved oxygen delivery to tissues
7. B) Hyperventilation
8. B) Broader, barrel-shaped chest

Question 11

1. True or False: Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) occurs in individuals who stay at high altitudes for short periods.
2. True or False: Polycythemia is a characteristic feature of CMS.
3. True or False: Acclimatization to high altitude involves decreased ventilation.
4. True or False: Natives of high-altitude areas have a narrower, more elongated chest shape.
5. True or False: Right heart hypertrophy is a physical adaptation seen in natives of high-altitude areas.
6. True or False: Acclimatization to high altitude involves increased diffusion capacity of lungs.
7. True or False: CMS is characterized by decreased red blood cell production.
8. True or False: Excretion of alkaline urine is a mechanism to combat respiratory acidosis at high altitude.

Answer 11

Here are the answers:

1. False (CMS occurs in individuals who stay at high altitudes for extended periods)
2. True
3. False (Acclimatization involves increased ventilation)
4. False (Natives of high-altitude areas have a broader, barrel-shaped chest)
5. True
6. True
7. False (CMS is characterized by increased red blood cell production, or polycythemia)
8. False (Excretion of alkaline urine is a mechanism to combat respiratory alkalosis, not acidosis)

Question 12

Here are 8 more True or False questions:

1. True or False: Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) is also known as Monge’s disease.
2. True or False: Acclimatization to high altitude occurs immediately upon arrival.
3. True or False: Polycythemia is a pathological condition in CMS but a physiological adaptation in acclimatization.
4. True or False: Natives of high-altitude areas have a higher risk of developing CMS.
5. True or False: Acclimatization to high altitude involves changes in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
6. True or False: Pulmonary hypertension is a characteristic feature of acclimatization to high altitude.
7. True or False: Increased cardiac output is a physiological response to high altitude.
8. True or False: Acclimatization to high altitude is complete within a few days of arrival.

Answer 12

1. True or False: Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) is also known as Monge’s disease.
   Answer: TRUE
2. True or False: Acclimatization to high altitude occurs immediately upon arrival.
   Answer: FALSE (acclimatization takes time, typically several days to weeks)
3. True or False: Polycythemia is a pathological condition in CMS but a physiological adaptation in acclimatization.
   Answer: TRUE
4. True or False: Natives of high-altitude areas have a higher risk of developing CMS.
   Answer: FALSE (natives of high-altitude areas are adapted to the high altitude and have a lower risk of developing CMS)
5. True or False: Acclimatization to high altitude involves changes in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
   Answer: TRUE
6. True or False: Pulmonary hypertension is a characteristic feature of acclimatization to high altitude.
   Answer: FALSE (pulmonary hypertension is a characteristic feature of CMS, not acclimatization)
7. True or False: Increased cardiac output is a physiological response to high altitude.
   Answer: TRUE
8. True or False: Acclimatization to high altitude is complete within a few days of arrival.
   Answer: FALSE (acclimatization to high altitude typically takes several days to weeks, and may not be complete even after several months)

Question 13

1. Describe the primary differences between Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) and acclimatization to high altitude.

Answer 13

Answer: CMS is a pathological condition that occurs in individuals who stay at high altitudes for extended periods, characterized by easy fatigability, polycythemia, and pulmonary hypertension. Acclimatization, on the other hand, is the body’s ability to adapt to high-altitude environments, involving physiological changes such as hyperventilation, physiological polycythemia, and increased diffusion capacity of lungs.

Question 14

1. Describe the role of increased cardiac output in acclimatization to high altitude, and how it helps to maintain oxygen delivery to tissues.

Answer 14

Answer: Increased cardiac output plays a crucial role in acclimatization to high altitude by helping to maintain oxygen delivery to tissues. At high altitude, the lower oxygen levels require the heart to pump more blood to deliver the same amount of oxygen to tissues. Increased cardiac output helps to achieve this by increasing the amount of blood pumped by the heart, thereby maintaining oxygen delivery to tissues.

Question 15

1. Compare the symptoms of Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) with the physiological changes that occur during acclimatization to high altitude.

Answer 15

Answer: The symptoms of CMS include easy fatigability, headache, dizziness, and shortness of breath. In contrast, acclimatization to high altitude involves physiological changes such as hyperventilation, physiological polycythemia, increased diffusion capacity of lungs, and improved ability of cells to use oxygen despite low PO2. While CMS is characterized by pathological changes, acclimatization involves normal physiological adaptations.

Question 16

1. Explain how the body’s ability to increase diffusion capacity of lungs helps to improve oxygen delivery to tissues at high altitude.

Answer 16

Answer: The body’s ability to increase diffusion capacity of lungs helps to improve oxygen delivery to tissues at high altitude by allowing more oxygen to diffuse from the lungs into the bloodstream. This is achieved through physiological changes such as increased surface area of the lungs, increased blood flow to the lungs, and improved oxygen-hemoglobin binding.

Question 17

1. Describe the differences between physiological polycythemia (seen in acclimatization) and pathological polycythemia (seen in CMS).

Answer 17

Answer: Physiological polycythemia is a normal response to high altitude, characterized by an increase in red blood cell production to compensate for low oxygen levels. Pathological polycythemia, on the other hand, is a characteristic feature of CMS, involving excessive red blood cell production that can lead to increased blood viscosity, cardiovascular strain, and other complications.

Question 18

1. What are the consequences of prolonged exposure to high altitude on the cardiovascular system, and how does acclimatization help to mitigate these effects?

Answer 18

Answer: Prolonged exposure to high altitude can lead to cardiovascular strain, including pulmonary hypertension, right heart hypertrophy, and increased cardiac output. Acclimatization helps to mitigate these effects by increasing oxygen delivery to tissues, improving oxygen utilization, and reducing the strain on the cardiovascular system.

Question 19

1. Describe the role of hyperventilation in acclimatization to high altitude, and how it helps to compensate for low oxygen levels.

Answer 19

Answer: Hyperventilation plays a crucial role in acclimatization to high altitude by increasing oxygen delivery to tissues. At high altitude, the lower oxygen levels stimulate the respiratory centers, leading to increased ventilation. This helps to compensate for the lower oxygen levels by increasing the amount of oxygen available to the body.

Question 20

1. Compare and contrast the physical adaptations that occur in natives of high-altitude areas versus individuals who develop Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS).

Answer 20

Answer: Natives of high-altitude areas undergo acclimatization during infancy, leading to distinct physical adaptations such as short stature, broader, barrel-shaped chest, right heart hypertrophy, and polycythemia. In contrast, individuals who develop CMS do not undergo these adaptations and instead experience pathological changes such as excessive polycythemia, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiovascular strain.

Question 21

1. Explain the physiological changes that occur during acclimatization to high altitude, and how they help the body adapt.

Answer 21

Answer: During acclimatization, the body undergoes physiological changes such as hyperventilation, physiological polycythemia, increased diffusion capacity of lungs, enhanced vascularity of tissues, and improved ability of cells to use oxygen despite low PO2. These changes help the body adapt to high altitude by increasing oxygen delivery to tissues, improving oxygen utilization, and reducing the strain on the cardiovascular system.

Question 22

1. What are the three key features of Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS), and how do they impact the body?

Answer 22

Answer: The three key features of CMS are easy fatigability, polycythemia (excessive red blood cell production), and pulmonary hypertension. These features impact the body by reducing oxygen delivery to tissues, increasing blood viscosity, and straining the cardiovascular system.