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Medicine FTE > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mention 3 types of muscles.

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber?

A

Sarcomere

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3
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Neuron + triggered fibers

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4
Q

Mention the three parts of the functional structure of a sarcomere.

A 
Thick filament (myosin)
Thin filament (actin)
Tropomyosin - blocks myosin binding site when muscle is at rest.
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5
Q

Describe the action at the Neuromuscular junction.

A
  1. Release of Acetylcholine (ACh).
  2. Activation of ACh receptors (gated channels).
  3. Generation of muscle action potential (ions flow).
  4. Breakdown of ACh by Acetylcholinesterase.
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6
Q

Which ion is released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum at the muscle action potential?

A

Ca2+

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7
Q

What happens during muscle contraction?

A
  1. Ca2+ release from Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
  2. Ca2+ binds to troponin
  3. Moves tropomyosin off action sites
  4. Myosin binds and start cycle.
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8
Q

What happens during muscle relaxation?

A
  1. ACh breakdown stops muscle action potentials
  2. Ca2+ ions are transported back into SR - requires ATP!
  3. Tropomyosin covers actin binding sites.
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9
Q

What can be limiting factors during fatigue?

A 
Ca2+
Creatine phosphate
Oxygen
Building up of acid
Neuronal failure
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10
Q

How is oxygen used after exercise?

A

Convert lactic acid back to glucose in liver
Resynthesize creatine phosphate and ATP
Replace oxygen removed from myoglobin

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11
Q

What are the components of the bone matrix?

A

25 % water
25 % collagen fibers
50 % mineral salts (Ca, P, Mg)

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12
Q

What are the cells in bone?

A

Osteogenic cells - unspecified
Osteoblasts - build
Osteocytes - maintain
Osteoclasts - digest

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13
Q

What are the name of the arrangement of bone in compact bone?

A

Osteons (Harvesian systems)

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14
Q

In osteons, what is the name of the layers of matrix?

A

Concentric lamellae

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15
Q

What are the cartilage forming cells in bone?

A

Chondrocytes

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16
Q

What are the unique skeletal features of the skull?

A

Sutures: immovable joint between skull bones
Paranasal sinuses: cavities near the nasal region
Fontanels: soft spot in fetal skull

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17
Q

How many vertebrae does a human have?

A

33

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18
Q

What treatment methods are used after bone fracture?

A

Standard = conservative

Traction

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19
Q

What are the factors affecting bone growth?

A

Adequate minerals (Ca, P, Mg)
Vitamins A,C,D
Hormones (hGH, insulin like GF, Thyroid hormone, sex hormones)
Weight bearing activity

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20
Q

Name the feedback loops monitoring osteoclast activity.

A 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) -> osteoclast activity up + decrease loss of Ca2+ in urine
Calcitonin -> osteoclast activity down
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21
Q

In which ways can joints be classified?

A

Structurally; by their anatomy

Functionally; by the degree of movement they permit

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22
Q

What are the three classes of structurally separated joints?

A

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

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23
Q

What are the three classes of fibrous joints?

A

Suture - in skull
Syndesmosis - between tibia and fibula
Interosseous membrane - between tibia and fibula

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24
Q

What are the two classes of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

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25
What is bursae?
Sacs made of synovial membranes containing fluid (in synovial joints)
26
What part of the nervous system is controlled by the free will?
Somatic nervous system.
27
In what parts is the autonomic nervous system divided into?
sympathetic | parasymphatic
28
Mention four types of Glial cells.
Astrocytes - maintain chemical environment Oligodendrocytes - produce and maintain myelin shealth of CNS neurons Schwann cells - myelin shealth of PNS neurons Mikroglia - protect CNS from disease
29
What is grey and white matter?
Grey matter = bodies of nerve cells | White matter = nerve fibers
30
Which ions are dominating inside/ outside the cell?
Inside: K+ (surplus of negative charges) Outside: Na+ and Ca2+ (surplus of positive charges)
31
What is the substance related to Parkinson and Schizofrenia?
Dopamin
32
What is the substance related to depression?
Serotonin
33
What is "Long term potentiation"?
When a synaps get stronger
34
What are the central parts of CNS, and what are their main functions?
Cerebrum Brain stem Cerebellum Medulla spinalis (Spinal cord)
35
What are the functions of the CNS and which parts are they connected to?
Cortex - thoughts Limbic system - Emotions, memories Brain stem - Instincts Spinal cord - Reflexes
36
What are the parts of Cerebrum?
``` Cerebral cortex Basal ganglia Limbic system Diencephalon White matter ```
37
What is the name of the four lobes of cerebral cortex?
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe
38
Mention four important areas in the frontal lobe.
Prefrontal cortex Premotor cortex Primary motorcortex Broca's area
39
Which cortex is responsible for personality, insight mm?
Prefrontal cortex
40
What is the Association cortex?
Large areas of cortex with diffuse functions, eg abstract thinking
41
What is motoric aphasia?
Injury to the left frontal lobe may result in affected motoric language.
42
Which lobe is connected to sensory aphasia?
Temporal lobe
43
Which lobe is connected to language, memory, auditary cortex, limbic system mm?
Temporal lobe
44
What is the functions of the parietal lobe?
Sensory perception Language Spatial orientation and perception
45
Where is the visual cortex located?
Occipital lobe
46
What is the extra-pyramid system?
part of the motor system causing involuntary actions.
47
Which substance is found in the pineal gland?
Melatonin
48
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Control hemostasis - inner mileu of the body. Thirst, hunger, sleep, sexual behaviour.
49
Which system is responsible fo emotions, memory and olfaction?
Limbic system
50
What are the three tracts of the white matter?
``` Projection tracts (between different levels in CNS) Commisure tracts (between the hemisphere) Association tracts (within a hemisphere) ``` Hemisphere = hjärnhalva
51
What is the name of the centre for conciousness, breathing, heart rate, sneezing mm
Formatio reticularis (Reticular formation)
52
What is the function of cerebellum?
* Involved in coordination of eye-, trunc and head movements using signals from the ear (balance organ). * Helps to maintain posture and balance. * Takes part in fine motoric movements of the arms and hands and trained fast and complicated movements.
53
What is the name of the 4 fluid filled ventricles in the brain?
Lateral ventricle (2) Third ventricle Fourth ventricle
54
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Protection against physical injury | Transport of substances
55
What is hydrocephalus?
Vattenskalle
56
What is the name of the connective tissue enclosing the brain and spinal cord?
Meniges: Pia mater - closest to the nervous tissue Arachnoid mater Dura mater - periosteum
57
What is the function of the blood vessels A. carotis interna, A. Vertebralis, A. Basilaris?
Blood to brain. A. carotis interna - from aorta A. Vertebralis - from the vessels to the arm A. Basilaris
58
What is the number of spinal nerves?
31 pairs
59
Spinal nerve is divided into _______ root.
ventral and dorsal
60
Ventral root consists of axons ___ the CNS (__). | Dorsal root consists of axons ___ the CNS (__).
from, efferens | to, afferens
61
What are the initial stages of fetal development?
Oocyte Zygote Morula Blastocyst
62
What are the two layers of the embryonic disc?
Hypoblast (primitive endoderm) | Epiblast (primitive ectoderm)
63
What are the three layers of the three-layered embryo and what do they develop into?
Ectoderm - nervous system & skin Endoderm - epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems. Mesoderm - all other tissues.
64
Which layer does the notochord come from?
Mesoderm
65
What is the name of the specialization of the ectoderm?
Neutralization (Neurolation) form neural groove
66
What is the name of the connection between the placenta and fetus?
Umbrical cord
67
Which hormones are dominating during the first 3-4 months of pregnancy?
Progesterone and estrogens
68
Which hormones are secreted by the chorion (typ fosterhinna)?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | Human placental lactogen (hPL)
69
Which hormone causes uterine contractions during labor?
Progesterone
70
What is the "water" that the fetus swims in?
Amniotic fluid
71
Which hormones contribute to lactation?
Prolactin | Oxytocin
72
What is the pyramidal tract?
Cerebral cortex - medulla spinalis - muscles. | Cross midline in brainstem
73
Who is the boss of the Autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
74
In which parts are the ANS divided into?
Symphatetic - fight and flight | Parasymphatetic - rest
75
What are the general senses (Somatosensory)?
``` Tactile Thermal Pain Proprioception Visceral ```
76
What does the a) Meissner corpuscle | b) Pancinian corpuscles sense?
a) Light touch, small receptor fields | b) vibration
77
Which sense regulate the static and dynamic position of the body?
Proprioceptive sensations. Multiple types of receptors are involved and used together. Proprioceptors can be Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors
78
What is the name of the disorder that gives a decreased sense of smell?
Hyposmia
79
Which are the three layers of the eyeball?
Fibrous tonic, vascular tonic (choroid - blood supply) retina (CN II)
80
Mention two disorders to the eye.
Presbyopia (less elastic lens) | Astigmatism (Assymetrical cornea)
81
What is the main component of photopigment in rods?
Rhodopsin
82
What can cause diffuse axonal injury (DAI)?
Tearing of nerve fibers due to high velocity injuries.
83
What is aneurysm?
Pathological distension of blood vessel.
84
Which are the three regions of the skin?
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis (Subcutaneous fat)
85
Which are the functions of the integumentary system?
``` Protection Temperature regulation Sensations (exoreceptors for touch and pain) Synthesis of vitamin D Blood reservoir Excretion of waste ```
86
What are the most common cell types in Epidermis?
Keratinocytes - produce keratin Melanocytes - produce melanin Langerhan's cells - epidermal macrophages Merkel cells - touch receptors
87
Which epidermal cell layer is only present in thick skin?
Clear layer
88
What are the cell types of dermis?
Fibroblasts Macrophages Mast cells White blood cells
89
Mention four different types of sweat glands.
Eccrine SG - body temperature Apocrine SG - emotional sweating Cerumnious glands - secrete cerumen in ear canal Mammary glands - secrete milk
90
What are the three types of skin cancer possible?
Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma
91
What are the components of the male reproduction system?
Testes - produce sperm & secrete hormones System of ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens mm) - transport and storage Accessory sex glands - secrete semen Supporting structures (penis) - passageway
92
Which production is initiated by Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in males?
Lutenizing hormone | Follicle-stimulating hormone
93
What is the function of Lutenizing hormone in males?
Stimulate Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
94
Which hormones are involved in spermatogenesis?
Follicle-stimulating hormone | Testosterone
95
What is required to form dihydrotestosterone?
Enzyme Testosterone dihydrotestosterone stimulates growth of external genitalia
96
What is the site of sperm maturation?
Epididymis
97
What are the stages in the ovarian cycle in females?
1. Granulosa cells 2. Primary oocyte 3. Secondary oocyte 4. Ovulation
98
What does Gonadotropin - releasing hormone control in females? And where is it released?
Ovarian/uterine cycle | In hypothalamus
99
What is regulated by Follicle - stimulating hormone in females?
follicular growth | secretion of estrogens
100
What is regulated by Lutenizing hormone in females?
Development of ovarian follicles Secretion of estrogens Trigger ovulation
101
What are the female sex steroids?
Estrogen | Progesterone
102
What are the male sex steroids?
Testosteron | Dihydrotestosteron

Medicine FTE (1 decks)

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