Part 2: From functions to services

Question 1

MEA

Answer 1

Millenium Ecosystem Assesment (2005)

Assesment report of the human impact on the environment. Popularization of term ecosystem services.

Question 2

TEEB

Answer 2

The economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2010)

Major international initiative to draw attention to the global economic benefits of biodiversity. Highlight the global growing cost of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation.

Question 3

ES

Answer 3

ecosystem services

The benefits that people obtain from natural and human-managed ecosystems.

Can sometimes be valued economically, some have no economic value.

Can be grouped into 3 large categories

• provisioning: materials
• regulating: protections
• cultural: non tangible values
  that directly affect people.

Question 4

provisioning ES

Answer 4

• nutrition: water & biomass
• materials: biomass, fibers, water
• energy: biomass & mechanical energy

food, biological raw materials, biomass fuel, genetic resources, fresh water, biochemicals natural medicines and pharmaceuticals

Question 5

regulating ES

Answer 5

• mediation of waste, toxics and other nuisances
• mediation of flows
• maintenance of physical, chemical or biological conditions

maintenance air quality, regulation climate, water timing and flows, erosion control, water purification, wast treatment, disease mitigation, maintenance of soil quality, pest mitigation , pollination, natural hazard mitigation

Question 6

cultural ES

Answer 6

• physical and intellectual interactions with biota, ecosystems and land/seascapes (environmental settings)
• spiritual, symbolic and other interactions with the environment

recreation and tourism, ethical & spiritual values, educational and inspirational values

Question 7

supporting ES

Answer 7

Used to be an ES that supported the other 3 ES (provisioning, regulating & culural) now more the underlying features or function of ecosystems.

habitat, nutrient cycling, water cycling, primary production, BIODIVERSITY

Question 8

CICES

Answer 8

The common International classification of ecosystem services.

hierarchial classification in sections, divisions, groups, classes & type.

egg from a chicken:
section: provisioning ES
division: nutrition
groups: biomass
class: reared animals and outputs
type: animal product by amount, type

Question 9

NCP

Answer 9

nature’s contributions to people

• Nature society interaction because ES is to economical
• more pluristic and inclusive concept (IPBES)
• ES are still apart of NCP

All contributions both positive and negative of living nature to the quality of life for people.

Question 10

empty world model

Answer 10

Planet earth is not taken into account in economic models. No inclusion of natural capita.

Manufactured capita, labor and land go to the economical processes. This gives goods and services. This can give lead to consumption (welfare of people) and investments ( building to increase manufactured capita; eduction, training and research for labour; and improvement of land.

Question 11

full world model

Answer 11

planet earth is teken into account as a natural capita. The solar energy also becomes an input for the system.

Regenerating ecosystems and ES in supportof human well-being is an essential aspect!

There is natural, human, social and manufactured capital. These give rise to ecological services and economic production processes. They all take part in the wellbeing of an individual.

Question 12

MAES

Answer 12

Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services

Question 13

feedback mechanisms

Answer 13

A improves B, but B degrades A

Question 14

feedforward mechanisms

Answer 14

A improves B, and B improves A

Question 15

bidirectional interaction

Answer 15

Interaction in two ways

Question 16

unidirectional interaction

Answer 16

interaction only in one way

Question 17

independant impact

Answer 17

impact of the external drives is only on one ecosystem service

Question 18

shared impact

Answer 18

impact of the external driver on more then one ecosystem service

Question 19

trade offs

Answer 19

negative causal relationship

optimizing one ES can diminish another ES.
The provisioning of one ES is reduces as a consequence of increased use of another ES.

Can be irreversible or reversible and has a time and space scale. (8 categories)

Question 20

ES bundle

Answer 20

set of associated ES relationships that repeatedly occur together.
In different municipalities or landscapes

Result of cluster analysis/

They are also spatially clustered and reveal areas with distinct social ecological reality.

Question 21

Biodiversity-productivity hypothesis

Answer 21

Darwin 1859

Diverse ecosystems show higher productivity than monocultures

Question 22

Biodiversity stability hypothesis

Answer 22

diverse ecosystems show higher stability then more simple systems.
They have a higher resistance to a disturbance or higher recovery after disturbance.

Question 23

BEF

Answer 23

biodiversity & ecosystem function

Structural diversity, functional diversity and composition
- 3 niveaus: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.

Question 24

additive

Answer 24

performance of mixture according to expectation by weighted averaging

Question 25

synergistic

Answer 25

postive performance effect of mixture, more then weighted average

Question 26

antagonistic

Answer 26

negatieve performance effect of mixture, less then weighted average.

Question 27

niche complementary

Answer 27

Different species in a community, that have different ecological amplitudes. They use the resources in a slightly different way or at different times. The niches are shifted. Maintaining biodiversity and enhances EF

Question 28

NDE

Answer 28

net diversity effect observed EF - expected EF (if we assume additive effect) NDE <0: antagonistic effect = competition NDE = 0: additive: no diversity effect NDE>0: positive diversity effect, overyielding

Question 29

transgressive overyielding

Answer 29

Complementary effect that lead to an increase in productivity tov the max single species effect. The combination is even better than the best monoculture. Dmax >0 (observed EF -max EF)

Question 30

overyielding

Answer 30

Possible trough either selection or complementary effects Dmax <0 (observed EF - max EF) NDE >0

Question 31

confounding factors

Answer 31

factors that can influence both dependent and independent variable. This can lead to misleading of results.

Question 32

orthogonality

Answer 32

confounding factors are kept as constant as possible during the research. These are controlled experiments Avoiding correlation between biodiversity and confounding factors in order to detect the sole effect of biodiversity to a maximum extent

Question 33

FunDivEUROPE

Answer 33

functional significance of forest biodiversity in Europe - quantification of the effects of forest biodiversity on ecosystem function and services In the major European forest types.

Question 34

ideal BEF research

Answer 34

- orthogonality - comprehensiveness: including effects of biodiversity on the full range of ESs and EFs - representativenes: being representative for all sites and conditions available int the world

Question 35

experiments

Answer 35

High comprehensiveness and high orthogonality

Question 36

inventories

Answer 36

High representativeness, low orthogonality and even lower comprehensiveness

Question 37

exploratories

Answer 37

medium comprehensiveness, representativeness and a little bit lower orhogonality

Question 38

complementary effects

Answer 38

various types of interspecific interactions, whereby intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition. niche differentiation & facilitation This can lead to transgressive overyielding

Question 39

niche differentation

Answer 39

Species obtain greater access to available resources or if they improve resource-use efficiency, through functional differences in, for example shade tolerance, foliar phenology or rooting architecture. ex. ET increases over a plot with mixture this suggests that a more complet utilization of the water resources is happening, different rooting depths A trade off can be that the resources get faster depleted

Question 40

facilitation

Answer 40

species improve the performance of other species by enhancing resource supply or climatic or biotic conditions - indirect biotic ex. species specific pathogeen load decreases - abiotic nutrient enrichment ex. Nfixation can provide N for other species - abiotic amelioration ex. shading by poneer creates microclimate ex. hydraulic lift, mycorrhizal fungi

Question 41

selection effects

Answer 41

Indicates that overyielding is attributable to species with particular monoculture traits. ex. sampling effect

Question 42

sampling effect

Answer 42

That more species leads to higher probability for presence and dominance of a better performing species This happens in synthetic communities but also natural systems. ex. leguminosen, exotic species, ..

Question 43

insurance effect

Answer 43

statistical effect, portfolio effect more species = redundancy = higher probability of alternative Diversified investment, not having all eggs in one basket. The risk is shared. biodiversity leads to more stability

Question 44

asynchrony effect

Answer 44

Fluctuation in abundance and productivities of species in time. This contributes to a temporal stability

Question 45

ecosystem engineers

Answer 45

species that make a difference Organisms that directly or indirectly modulate the availability of resources to other species by causing physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials. In doing so they modify, maintain and create habitats. autogenic and allogenic engineers

Question 46

species identity effect

Answer 46

Some species have a disproportionately large influence due to their unique traits or roles in the ecosystem. Many biodiversity effect depend on the species that are involved. There is need to pay attention to these ecosystem engineers

Question 47

autogenic engineers

Answer 47

change the environment with their own physical structure (i.e. their living and dead tissues) ex. corals, trees

Question 48

allogenic engineers

Answer 48

change the environment by transforming living or non-living materials from one physical state to another ex. woodpeckers, beavers

Question 49

6 factors that scale the impact of ecosystem engineers

Answer 49

1. **Lifetime per capita** * **activity** of individual organisms 2. **Population density** 3. **Spatial distribution** of the population 4. The **length of time** the population has been present at a site 5. The **durability** of constructs, artifacts and impacts in the absence of the original engineer 6. The **number and types of resource flows** that are modulated by the constructs and artifacts, and the number of other species dependent upon these flows.

Question 50

functional groups of ecosystem engineers

Answer 50

1. Mechanical engineering A beaver building a dam 2. Bioturbation earthworms drilling galleries 3. light engineering Trees that form closed canopies that filter the light 4. chemical engineering Littre leaf quality of a tree determines acid buffering, leguminosen modify the fertility level of the soil

Question 51

jack of all trades and master of none

Answer 51

More diverse systems are more multifunctional. As a consequence they support more ecosystem services

Question 52

crop rotation

Answer 52

The practice of growing a series of dissimilar/ different types of crops in the same area in a logical sequence. Biodiversity in time. Introduction leguminosen in the system (N fixation), fallow period (restoring of land by leaving it to rest), brassicaceae (turnips, mustard, cabbage; spicy due to isothiocyanates=> sterilization of nemathodes) Over the total landscape there is no monoculture, farmers can be in different parts of a rotation. insurance effect, sampling effect (=species identity effect), facilitation effect

Question 53

Agroforestry

Answer 53

A land-use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems Layerd systems that are interesting in areas with to much sunlight and systems that lack fertilizers. insurance effect, sampling effect & complemetartity effects

Question 54

NWFP

Answer 54

Non wood forest products goods of biological origin other than wood derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests. Not high in volume, but have a high specific importance. Health & nutritional needs. ex. mushrooms insurance effect