Part 2 - Life in Elizabethan times Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
who were at the bottom of elizabethan society?
A
the ordinary people
2
Q
how were those without work known as?
A
paupers
3
Q
paupers relied on…
A
charity to survive
4
Q
what would paupers do to survive?
A
begging or going to the local church for help
5
Q
factors why poverty in elizabethan england rose significantly
A
- actions of previous monarchs
- changes in agriculture
- population increase
- flu outbreak
6
Q
actions of previous monarchs which led to a surge in poverty
A
- henry VII limited the right of nobles to hold private armies
- reformation under henry VIII led to the closure of the monasteries
- economic problems under henry VIII and edward VI
7
Q
why did henry VII limit the right of nobles to hold private armies?
A
he feared they may be a threat to his throne
8
Q
how did the limits to the rights of nobles cause poverty in elizabethan england to surge?
A
- left many soldiers without work
9
Q
how did the reformation of the monasteries cause poverty in elizabethan england to surge?
A
- monks, nuns and other Church employees were left with nowhere to live or work
- the closure of the monasteries also left the sick and poor with noone to care for them
10
Q
how did economic collapse cause poverty in elizabethan england to surge?
A
led to the collapse of the cloth trade and the loss of many jobs
11
Q
changes in agriculture which led to a surge in poverty
A
- bad harvests between 1594 and 1598
- increasing numbers of landlords began to keep sheep on their land rather than grow crops
- many unemployed farm workers
12
Q
how did bad harvests between 1594 and 1598 cause poverty in elizabethan england to surge?
A
- led to food shortages and starvation in parts of england
- food shortage increased prices, leading to inflation
13
Q
how did increasing numbers of landlords keeping sheep on their land rather than to go crops cause poverty in elizabethan england to surge?
A
the system, known as enclosure, meant that fewer workers were needed
14
Q
how did the unemployment of many farm workers cause poverty in elizabethan england to surge?
A
- they headed to towns and cities in search of employment and there weren’t enough jobs to go around
15
Q
population increase leading to a surge in poverty
A
- england’s population went from 2.8 million to 4 million
16
Q
how did the population increase cause poverty in elizabethan england to surge?
A
- shortage of places to live
- gave power to landlords who increased rents (rack renting)
17
Q
flu outbreak leading to a surge in poverty
A
a terrible outbreak of flu in 1556 killed 200,000 people including many farm workers
18
Q
what were the attitudes and responses to the deserving poor
A
- the great chain of being made it clear to many nobles that they were simply better than the poor
- many believed it was their duty to help those below them in society
- they recognised that many paupers could not help their situation and were not to blame for their poverty
- charities for the poor grew and almshouses were established
19
Q
what were the attitudes and responses to the undeserving poor?
A
- some paupers were seen as undeserving : untrustworthy beggars who had no interest in honest work
20
Q
which book was published which displayed the epitome of the reactions to the undeserving poor?
A
- ‘Warning Against Vagabonds’ by Thomas Harman published in 1567
- encouraged the view that many poor people were merely confidence tricksters or criminals
- others seen as being idle or lazy
21
Q
name some scammers/confidence tricksters described by Harman in his book?
A
- the counterfeit crank
- baretop trickster
- the clapper dungeon
- tom o’bedlam
22
Q
the counterfeit crank
A
- bit soap so that he frothed at the mouth
- people would feel sympathy and give him money
23
Q
baretop trickster
A
- women would trick men into following them by removing clothing
- the men would then be beaten and robbed by her accomplices
24
Q
the clapper dungeon
A
- would cut himself and tie dirty bandages around the wounds to gain sympathy
25
tom o'bedlam
- would pretend to be mad
- he might stick a chicken's head in his ear or bark like a dog
26
how was poverty dealt with from 1495? (henry VIII)
beggars were punished in the stocks or sent back to their home towns
27
how was poverty dealt with from 1531? (edward VI)
- beggars were publicly whipped
- those caught a second time would have a hole burnt in their ear
- a third offence would mean they were hanged
28
what was the 1576 poverty act called?
'Act for setting the poor on work' which placed the responsibility on local authorities
29
how did london deal with poverty after the 1576 act?
- bridewell palace used as a shelter for the homeless
- bedlam hospital was built to house the mentally ill
- other hospitals were opened for the sick and for orphans
- conditions in all these institutions were poor and could not cope with the growing numbers coming to the city
30
how did york deal with poverty after the 1576 act?
- in 1515, the city authority issued beggar licenses with a badge to identify holders
- from 1528, a master beggar was appointed to keep the others in order
- if beggars refused to work they were sent to the house of correction
31
how did ipswich deal with poverty after the 1576 act?
- introduced a licensing system for beggars from 1569
- opened a hospital specifically to help the old and the sick
- a youth training scheme was introduced to help children learn a trade and escape poverty
32
how did norwich deal with poverty after the 1576 act?
- after the study showed that 80% of the population lived in poverty in 1570, the city authorities separated the poor into the 'idle poor' and the 'unfortunate poor'
- the 'idle poor' were given work such as sewing or knitting
- the 'unfortunate poor' were given food and other forms of care
- rich citizens were taxed to pay for the care of the vulnerable
33
what was introduced in 1601?
the first ever poor law
34
what did the 1601 first ever poor law state?
- the wealthy should be taxed to pay for the care of the sick and vulnerable
- fit and healthy paupers should be given work
- those who refused to work were still dealt with harshly: they could be whipped or placed in a house of correction
35
how did the 1601 poor law group the poor?
- in three categories
- the helpless poor
- the able-bodied poor
- the idle poor
36
the helpless poor
- the sick and the old
- given food and accommodation
37
the able-bodied poor
- those considered fit
- had to work in exchange for food
38
the idle poor
- punished and sent to a house of correction
39
why was the 1601 poor law more effective in some areas than others?
- not properly enforced in many areas
40
was the poor law effective?
- begging seemed to decrease but may have been due to the threat of the house of correction rather than the extra help available
- some historians argue that the law was unsuccessful because it made each area responsible for its own paupers
- some were simply sent from one place to another without receiving any help
41
when was circumnavigation?
1577-80
42
apart from a 'golden age', what was elizabeth's reign called?
an 'age of discovery'
43
which countries played a major role in exploring the world?
particularly spain and portugal
44
which key figures helped increase england's wealth and power with their voyages?
- sailors
- sir francis drake
- sir walter raleigh
- john hawins
45
when did drake complete the first circumnavigation of the world?
- between 1577 and 1580
- done in a single expedition
46
what did drake do in december 1577?
drake takes five ships to raid spanish ports in the americas
47
what did drake do june-july of 1578?
drake responds to a rumor of mutiny by executing thomas doughty his former friend
48
what did drake do september 1578?
- drake sails through the straits of magellan and becomes the first englishman to do so
- a storm destroys one ship and blows the others off course and the remaining ships sail up the coast and raid a number of spanish ports
49
what does drake do in june 1579?
with only his own ship remaining, he lands in north america and claims it for elizabeth
50
what does drake do in march-june of 1580?
he navigates the dangerous cape of good hope
51
what does drake do on 26th september?
he returns to plymouth where he is knighted on board his ship the golden hind, by elizabeth
52
what was sir walter raleigh given permission to do?
he was given royal permission to explore the americas
53
when was sir walter raleigh given permission to explore the americas?
in 1584
54
what did they call the americas?
the New World
55
what was sir walter raleigh allowed to do in the americas?
he would be allowed to colonise (take ownership of) any land that was not ruled by a christian
56
what did sir walter raleigh have to give the queen in return of colonising land in the americas?
he had to give the queen 1/5 of all the gold and silver he found there
57
did sir walter raleigh sail to the 'new world'?
he did not sail himself, but sent others to explore and establish colonies there
58
did raleigh manage to colonise any of the new world?
a colony was established at Roanoke on the east coast of America but it didn't last and a second was created in 1587 which seemed like it was going to succeed
59
what happened to the second promising colony in the new world?
when the colony's leader returned from a trip to england, he found all of the colonists gone and the word 'CROATOAN' was carved into a tree
60
how was exploration possible?
- navigation
- defences
- technology
61
how did navigation make exploration possible?
the astrolabe allowed sailors to judge their position and more accurate compasses made navigation easier
62
how did defences make exploration possible?
better weapons such as cannons made it easier to explore hostile territory
63
how technology make exploration possible?
better designed ships were much faster due to the triangular lateen sail
64
what did voyages bring england?
drake, raleigh and hawkins brought england more wealth, power and territory
65
who was john hawkins?
a respected sailor and courtier
66
what was john hawkins responsible for?
building the navy and commanding it against the spanish armada
67
what did john hawkins do?
- 1564 - he kidnapped several hundred West Africans and sold them in South America
- he was also a successful privateer and is thought to have brought tobacco to england
68
what was special about john hawkin's actions in 1564?
he kidnapped several hundred West Africans and sold them in South America and although it wasn't the first example of the European slave trade, it was the first time the whole process had been carried out by an englishman
69
in what ways did exploration allow england to gain wealth?
- raiding of spanish ships and ports
- trading systems established
- the trade in african slaves
70
how did the raiding of spanish ships and ports contribute in england's wealth?
allowed riches to be stolen and brought back to england
71
how did the establishment of trading systems contribute in england's wealth?
- new products like spices, silks and porcelain were brought to england for the first time
- trade with the east in spices and other goods grew as middlemen could now be cut out as english sailors could deal directly with merchants in asia
- new companies were created to deal with trade in a particular area
72
which company dealt exclusively with trade in turkey and the middle east?
the levant company
73
the levant company
dealt exclusively with trade in turkey and the middle east
74
the east india company
established in 1600 to oversee trade in india and the far east
75
how did the trade in african slaves contribute to england's wealth?
the trade in african slaves brought significant wealth to individuals and to england as a whole and other englishmen saw how hawkins had profited and so became involved in the slave trade over the following years
76
what did slave labour enable?
enabled raw materials to be produced cheaply in the americas
77
how did exploration cause an increase in power?
- naval power had been growing under elizabeth and was able to hold its own in any sea battle
- improved weapons and tactics and the skilled command of men like francis drake played a key role in this
- the english victory over the spanish armada showed the dominant position that england held
78
how did exploration cause an increase in territory?
england was not the first country to build colonies in newly discovered lands and there were several failed attempts but perseverance led to increasing numbers of colonies, particularly in north america being established in the name of queen elizabeth and her successors
79
by 1558, england had undergone...
many years of dramatic religious change
80
what did elizabeth want to bring to the country?
calm and stability
81
who did catholics believe was the head of the church?
the pope
82
what language did catholics have the bible and church services in?
latin
83
rules regarding priests and churches in catholicism
- priests should not marry and priests are ordinary people's link with god
- highly decorated churches
84
what did catholics believe about bread and wine?
transforms in body and blood of jesus (transubstantiation)
85
who did protestants believe was the head of the church?
the monarch
86
what language did protestants have the bible and church services in?
english
87
rules regarding priests and churches in protestantism
- priests can marry
- plain churches
88
what did protestants believe about bread and wine?
represent body and blood
89
in protestantism, how do ordinary people connect to god?
through prayer
90
beliefs in both catholicism and protestantism
- god created the world
- jesus was god's son
- those who challenge the true faith must be punished
91
although elizabeth was protestant...
she was also practical - she knew that compromise would bring stability and peace
92
elizabeth's religious settlement
- priests were allowed to marry
- services all in english and followed the protestant book of common prayer
- she declared herself 'governor' rather than the 'head' of the church
- catholics could worship in their own way in private
93
who was appointed archbishop of canterbury under elizabeth's religious settlement?
a moderate protestant, matthew parker
94
what were early challenges to elizabeth's religious settlement?
- the northern rebellion in 1569
- the papal bull in 1570
- the ridolfi plot in 1571
95
what was the northern rebellion of 1569 inspired by?
inspired by elizabeth's refusal to allow the duke of norfolk to marry her catholic cousin mary, queen of scots
96
describe the northern rebellion of 1569
- two northern nobles led a rebellion against elizabeth
- earl of westmorland and earl of northumberland took control of durham cathedral and held illegal catholic mass
- marched south with 4600 men but the rebels disbanded when the loyal earl of sussex raised an army against them
97
consequences of the northern rebellion of 1569
northumberland was executed, westmorland was executed, westmorland escaped to france and the duke of norfolk was imprisoned
98
when was the papal bull?
1570
99
describe the papal bull.
- 27 april 1570
- pope pius V issued a special message (papal bull) in which he stated that elizabeth was not the true queen and called on the people of england not to obey her laws
- bull also excommunicated her from the church
100
what was the pope's aim in the papal bull of 1570?
to stir rebellion by forcing english catholics to choose between their queen or their religion
101
when was the ridolfi plot?
1571
102
who was the ridolfi plot led by?
an italian named ridolfi but also involved the duke of norfolk and a second northern rebellion
103
describe the ridolfi plot of 1571
- the uprising would coincide with an invasion of foreign catholics from the netherlands and the murder of queen elizabeth
- her catholic cousin, mary, queen of scots was to be placed on the throne and would marry the duke of norfolk
104
consequences of the ridolfi plot of 1571
plot was disovered before it could be carried out
105
despite the failure of the northern rebellion and the ridolfi plot...
elizabeth continued to face challenges from some catholics in england
106
when were two further plots uncovered?
1580s
107
who was the throckmorton plot led by?
sir francis throckmorton
108
when was the throckmorton plot?
1583
109
describe the throckmorton plot of 1583.
- the plan was to assassinate elizabeth and replace her with mary queen of scots
- there would then be an uprising of english catholics and a french invasion and the spanish ambassador was also involved
110
consequences of the throckmorton plot of 1583
when the plot failed, throckmorton was executed
111
when was the babington plot?
1586
112
who was the babington plot led by?
anthony babington
113
describe the babington plot of 1586.
- plan was to murder elizabeth and replace her with mary, queen of scots
- the plot's discovery led to the trial and execution of mary
