Part 3

Question 1

Endocrine communication

Answer 1

the signal uses the bloodstream as a channel to reach the target cells

Question 2

Endocytosis

Answer 2

entrance of substances into the cell by membrane invagination to form an internal vesicle

Question 3

Endothelium

Answer 3

single cell layer forming the internal lining of blood vessels

Question 4

Eosinophil granulocyte

Answer 4

white blood cell containing vesicles stained by eosin (acidic stain)

Question 5

Equilibrium

Answer 5

lowest energy state of a system that may result from opposing forces arising from within the system

Question 6

Eupnea

Answer 6

normal breathing

Question 7

Evans blue

Answer 7

blue stain that cannot penetrate the capillary wall: used for measuring the blood volum

Question 8

Exocytosis

Answer 8

transport of substances stored in internal vesicles from the cell to the surroundings by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane

Question 9

Expirational reserve volume

Answer 9

additional volume that can be expired at the end of a normal expiration

Question 10

Extrasystole

Answer 10

excitation and contraction of the heart not corresponding to the normal sinus rhythm

Question 11

Faciliated diffusion

Answer 11

passive transport of a molecule across a membrane along the concentration gradient thus not using energy, but requiring a transporter to help the passage of the molecule

Question 12

Facilitation

Answer 12

temporal increase of synaptic efficacy due to preceding activation of that synapse

Question 13

FAD

Answer 13

flavin-adenin-dinucleotid, coenzyme

Question 14

Fabrillation

Answer 14

rapid, irregular, unsynchronized contraction of muscle fibers in the atria or ventricles of the heart

Question 15

Fibrinogen

Answer 15

protein component of the blood plasma; its polymerization to fibrin is the most important step of blood coagulation

Question 16

Filament

Answer 16

thin fiber made up of protein; sliding of actin and myosin filaments on each other explains muscle contraction

Question 17

Filtration

Answer 17

movement of water and small molecules trough a membrane (capillary wall) because of the pressure difference

Question 18

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 18

according to this model, biological membranes are built up of a lipid bilayer in which protein molecules can easily move (float) in the horizontal direction

Question 19

Fructose

Answer 19

ketohexose found in honey and many fruits

Question 20

Functional residual capacity

Answer 20

volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

Question 21

Functional syncytium

Answer 21

heart muscle cells, form a functional unit because of the electrical synapses (gap junctions) between them

Question 22

Globulin

Answer 22

Globulins are a group of proteins within the blood. They are produced by the liver and the immune system. (e.g. hemoglobin)

Question 23

Glucose

Answer 23

aldohexose, the the cell´s primary metabolic fuel: blood sugar

Question 24

Glycogen

Answer 24

highly branched glucose polymer found in animals (“animal starch”)

Question 25

Glycolipid

Answer 25

a lipid containing carbohydrate groups, in most cases galactose

Question 26

Glycoprotein

Answer 26

a protein containing carbohydrate groups

Question 27

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation

Answer 27

approximate description of the resting membrane potential, based on the concentration and permeability of the three most important diffusible ions (Na+, K+, Cl-)

Question 28

G-protein

Answer 28

GTP-binding protein at the inner surface of plasma membranes; plays a critical role in signal transduction

Question 29

Granulocyte

Answer 29

white blood cells with multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules whose staining is used to differentiate between the three basic types: neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil

Question 30

GTP

Answer 30

guanonsine triphosphate, energy-rich nucleotide, like ATP

Question 31

Hematocrit

Answer 31

percentage of total blood volume occupied by (mostly red) blood cells, in humans it its normally between 40-50%

Question 32

Homeostasis

Answer 32

maintenance of the relative internal stability by physiological control systems

Question 33

Hydration

Answer 33

water molecules surround polar molecules and ions shielding off their charges and ensuring that they remain in the solution

Question 34

Hydrogen-bond

Answer 34

weak interaction between an H-atom bound to a highly electronegative atom (O,N) in a molecule and another highly electronegative atom (O, N) in the same or a different molecule

Question 35

Hydrophilic (lipophobic)

Answer 35

polar or charged molecule that is unable to interact with water molecules, thus insoluble in water

Question 36

Hydrophobic (lipophilic)

Answer 36

nonpolar molecule that is unable to interact with water molecules, thus insoluble in water

Question 37

Hyperpnea (hyperventilation)

Answer 37

increased lung ventilation

Question 38

Hyperpolarization

Answer 38

a shift of the resting membrane potential toward more negative values - an increase

Question 39

Hyperventilation

Answer 39

hyperventilation is rapid or deep breathing that can occur with anxiety or panic.

Question 40

Hypopolarization

Answer 40

a shift of the resting membrane potential toward less negative values - a decrease

Question 41

Immunoglobulin

Answer 41

large, Y-shaped protein produced by the body that specifically binds to antigens

Question 42

Inspirational reserve volume

Answer 42

additional volume that can be inspired at the end of a normal inspiration

Question 43

Internode

Answer 43

space along a myelinated axon that is covered by a myelinating glial cell (Schwann cell or oligodendrocyte)