part 3: religious matters Flashcards
(26 cards)
1
Q
who was mary queen of scots?
A
- only child of James V of Scotland
- elizabeth’s cousin, her grandmother was henry VIII’s sister
2
Q
when did elizabeth become queen of scotland, at what age?
A
in 1542 when she was 6 years old
3
Q
where was mary raised?
A
france
4
Q
describe mary’s marriages?
A
- 1558 at age 15, married the heir to the french throne, however he died suddenly in 1560 so returned to england
- 1565, married scottish nobleman Lord Darnley however marriage was unsuccessful
- darnley through mary was having an affair with her personal secretary, david rizzio
- rizzio was stabbed to death in 1566 by a group of scottish nobles
- in 1567, darnley was murdered and it was suspected that mary and the earl of bothwell were behind it
- confirmed when mary married the earl a few months later
5
Q
what happened after mary married the earl of bothwell?
A
- scottish nobles rebelled against her as they didn’t like this decision
- forced her to abdicate in favour of her one year old son James
6
Q
what happened after mary was forced to abdicate, why was this a problem?
A
- she fled to Cumberland in the hope that Elizabeth would help her regain power in Scotland
- elizabeth unwilling to help as mary’s claim to english throne meant there would be a constant threat of invasion from the north is she returned to power
- instead she had her imprisoned and set up a case to investigate if she had been involved in darnley’s murder
- elizabeth didn’t want to find mary guilty as it would lend support to the actions of the scottish nobles
- she didn’t want a non-guilty verdict either as it would force her to release mary meaning she could try and overthrow her
- inquiry didn’t reach a verdict in the end which enabled elizabeth to keep mary captive
7
Q
papal bull-when?what?
A
- 25th february 1570, pope pius V issue ‘regnans in excelsis’
- a papal bull that excommunicated elizabeth from the catholic church
- declared her a heretic
- ordered catholics to disobey her laws
8
Q
effect of the papal bull
A
- meant catholics no longer had to obey her
- encouraged catholics to overthrow elizabeth
- encouraged other rebels
- along with the northern rebellion, it changed eliazbeth’s attitude towards catholics: now seen as potential traitors
- so elizabeth and her government became less tolerant of recusancy
9
Q
what are recusants?
A
people who refused to go to church
10
Q
what was passed in response to the papal bull?
A
- the treason act of 1571
- made distributing the papal bull or claiming that elizabeth wasn’t england’s legitimate ruler punishable by death
11
Q
what was passed in response to the missionary priests?
A
- two anti catholic-acts in 1581
- increased fines for recusancy from 12p to £20
- made it treason to convert to catholicism
- introduced fines and prison sentences for people who said/attended catholic mass
- introduced prison sentences and death penalties for anyone who encouraged rebellions
12
Q
describe the problem of the college at douai
A
- in 1568 william allen (an english catholic) established a seminary at Douai in the Spanish Netherlands to train priests
- he had the full support of the pope
- the priests would then travel to england as missionaries to convert the english back to catholic
- first priests arrived in 1574 as elizabeth’s fear of catholic rebellion was growing
13
Q
describe the problem of the jesuits
A
- society of jesus was created in 1540 as part of the counter-reformation and hoped to bring people back to catholicism
- arrived in england in 1580
- jesuit priests were seen as a threat of elizabeth and she dealt with them harshly
- the 1585 act against jesuits and seminary priests called or them to be driven out of the country and many were executed
- those who sheltered them could be arrested
14
Q
describe the problem of edward campion
A
- he went to rome in 1573 to become a member of the jesuits
- he joined the first mission in 1580 to lead the catholics of england who were forbidden to practice
- he was arrested by a spy in berkshire on july 27th 1581 and taken to the tower of london
- he refused to recant his religious convictions under severe torture so his captors invented charges that he had conspired to overthrow the queen
- convicted of treason and executed
- made a saint in 1970 as a martyr
15
Q
what were the two main problems regarding catholics overseas
A
- missionary priests
- jesuits
16
Q
describe the ridolfi plot
A
- 1571
- plot led by an italian named ridolfi, also involved duke of norfolk
- plan was that an invasion from the netherlands would coincide with another northern rebellion
- elizabeth would be murdered and replaced by mary who would then marry norfolk
- plot uncovered before it could be completed by william cecil
- ridolfi was arrested and expelled from the country
- duke of norfolk executed
17
Q
describe the throckmorton plot
A
- 1583
- spanish and papal backing
- led by sir francis throckmorton
- planned to assassinate elizabeth and replace her with mary
- once killed there would be an invasion by the french catholic, henry duke of guise and an uprising on english catholics
- also involved the spanish ambassador
- plot discovered by elizabeth’s spies
- throckmorton was executed
- spanish ambassador expelled
- no more spanish ambassadors allowed in england under elizabeth
- mary put under closer guard as lack of evidence meant she couldn’t be killed
18
Q
describe the babington plot
A
- 1586
- mary was being held prisoner at chartley hall
- she was losing hope and became resentful
- corresponded in code with the french ambassador and anthony babington, a recusant
- they hatched a plot to kill elizabeth and put mary on the throne helped by a spanish invasion force
- letters intercepted by a double agent and decoded
- francis walsingham found out about the plot but let them carry on correspondence
- once walsingham had proof of may, she was put on trial and executed in february 1587
- made mary a martyr
19
Q
effect of babington plot on elizabeth
A
- elizabeth wracked with guilt over regicide
- claimed she signed death warrant but told it was only a precaution
- her council had acted without consulting her
20
Q
effect of mary’s execution
A
- removed catholic threat at home as english catholics had no figurehead so lost hope
- catholics abroad shocked
- led king philip of spain to declare war
21
Q
why did the plots fail?
A
not enough planning, intercepted by elizabeth’s spies, not enough support as hoped
22
Q
effect of plot failure
A
- strengthened elizabeth after each failure
23
Q
years of each plot/rebellion
A
northern-1569
ridolfi-1571
throckmorton-1583
babington-1585-87
24
Q
why were the northern nobles angry/causes of rebellion?
A
- most still committed catholics so wanted to see restoration of catholics in england under a catholic monarch
- elizabeth had confiscated large areas of land from the earl of northumberland
- northumberland angry that elizabeth claimed profits from copper mines discovered on his states
- elizabeth had reduced power of the northern nobles and increased her control in north
- unhappy with religious settlement
25
describe the northern rebellion
- duke of norfolk planned to free mary then marry her then have her recognised as heir to elizabeth and return country to catholicism
- plan supported by catholic nobles like earls of northumberland and westmoreland as it meant elizabeth would be succeeded by a catholic queen
- plan was uncovered and earls feared their execution for their involvement so instead they rebelled and tried to overthrow elizabeth
- in november 1969 the earls captured durham where there was an illegal catholic mass in the cathedral
- they hoped for help from catholic leaders in europe but it never came
- they then marched south but a royal army reached them and forced them to retreat
- troops deserted and the earls fled to scotland
- elizabeth showed little mercy
- westmoreland fled abroad
- northumberland executed along with 400 rebels
26
effects of northern rebellion
- posed a major threat to elizabeth's rule
- showed the danger that mary queen of scots represented
- created fear among protestants about catholic threat
