part 3: social policy & practice Flashcards
(47 cards)
1
Q
features of the ideal german woman
A
- blonde hair, blue eyes (aryan)
- housewife
- not political
- dress modestly
- cooked frugally and well
- have lots of children
2
Q
who did hitler appoint as the head of nazi’s women’s league?
A
gertrude scholtz klink
3
Q
what was life like for women in weimar germany?
A
- could vote over 20
- choose any profession and many worked: 100,000 teachers and 3,000 doctors in 1933
- 10% of reichstag members in 1933
4
Q
how did the nazis limit freedom for women?
A
- banned from being lawyers in 1936 and nazis did their best to stop them following other professions
- league of german maidens spread nazi ideas that it was an honour to produce large families
- expected to dress in plain clothing and taught at school in eugenics how to choose aryan husbands
5
Q
how did the nazis ‘support’ women?
A
- special loans to new brides who agreed not to work (800,000 took)
- encourage to stop smoking, slimming and do sport to improve fertility
- encouraged to attend mothercraft and homecraft classes
6
Q
what was the duty year and what did it show and when?
A
1937-a year women women could work ‘patriotically’ in a factory, showed double standards
7
Q
what was the nazi slogan for women + meaning?
A
- kinder kirche kuche: children, kitchen and church
- nazi motto for women, those were the most important values
- life should revolve around these 3 things
8
Q
describe the law for encouragement of marriage + aim
A
- passed by hitler in 1933
- stated that all newly married couples would get a loan of 1000 marks (9 months avg income)
- the entire loan was cleared if the woman had 4 children
- aimed to encourage newly weds to have as many children as possible
9
Q
describe the motherhood cross award + aim
A
- on august 12th (hitler’s mum’s birthday) the cross was given to women who had given birth to most children
- 8 children for gold, 6 for silver, 4 for bronze
- encourage to have children
10
Q
describe lebensborn
A
- lebensborns were buildings where selected unmarried women could go and get pregnant by a ‘racially pure’ SS man
- openly publicised by government, encouraged
- had a white flag with a red dot in middle to identify them to the public
11
Q
why was the youth important for hitler?
A
- spoke of his third reich lasting 1000 years
- children were the future
12
Q
hitler youth statistics
A
- joined aged 10
- membership made compulsory in 1936
- by 1939, 90% of german boys aged 14 and over were members
13
Q
uniform hitler youth v league of german maidens
A
military style uniforms v blue skirt, white blouse and heavy marching shoes
14
Q
purpose / activities in hitler youth
A
- activities centred on physical exercise and political indoctrination
- aim to prepare boys to be future soldiers
- lessons in ‘real’ german history
15
Q
purpose / activities in league of german maidens
A
- some physical activity but mainly domestic
- prepare girls for future motherhood
16
Q
impact of hitler youth
A
- felt a part of something
- excited
- felt empowered
- met new friends
17
Q
control of teachers
A
- taught nazi ideology or were sacked
- sent to nazi training camps and joined nazi teachers association
- children encouraged to report if teachers opposed nazis or criticised them
18
Q
control of education
A
- p.e: made more important, 15% of timetable, boxing became compulsory for boys, had to pass physical examinations
- history: made more important, changed so students only studied history of germany which was biased towards them e.g injustice of treaty
- biology / eugenics: focused on nazi ideas of aryan race became superior, taught how to identify jews and other races, taught not to mix with other races, anti-semitism
- indoctrination in other subjects e.g in textbooks would criticise jews in maths problems
19
Q
religious stats in 1933
A
- 45 million protestants
- 22 million catholics
- therefore huge threat to hitler as it emphasised peace
20
Q
why did hitler dislike the catholic church?
A
- nazis believed in racial superiority v treating equal
- believed in use of violence v pacifism
- believed in dominance of strong over weak
- believed in fuhrer
21
Q
why did some christians support the nazis?
A
- believed in importance of marriage, family and moral values
- sworn to destroy communism (anti-religious)
- promised to respect the church
22
Q
describe control of catholic church
A
- in 1933, cooperated by agreeing a concordat with the pope: said they wouldn’t interfere with each other
- hitler soon broke agreement, catholic priests were harassed and arrested, youth groups shut down: sent to nazi schools which clased with beliefs
- 1937 pope’s ‘burning with anxiety’ statement read in catholic churches said nazis were hostile to christ and his church
- nazis continued to persecute priests, 400 sent to dachau camp
- august 1941, catholic archbishop galen openly criticised nazis and put under house arrest
23
Q
control of protestants
A
- state reich church under control of nazi bishop ludwig muller was established to unify branches of protestantism
- reich church attempted to ban use of old testament as it was considered jewish
- 800 pastors of confessional church sent to camps
- in 1937, forced to return control of church to old protestant leadership in return that church would stay out of politics
24
Q
what did hitler feel he had the right to persecute groups?
A
- saw them as inferior
- weakened nation
- threat to purity of aryans
25
which groups were persecuted?
- gypsies
- prostitutes
- disabled
- mentally ill
- homosexuals
- jews
26
describe the nazi social beliefs
- aryans were the master race and some races were 'untermensch' (sub-human)
- people with disabilities were degenerates whose genes needed to be eliminated from the human bloodlines
27
describe the policies of persecution
- sterilisation: groups prevented from reproducing, mentally and physically disabled, children born to german women and french african soldiers in rhineland (350,000 total)
- euthanasia programme: murdered 200,000 people with disabilities
- concentration camps: homosexuals, gypsies, prostitutes, jehovah's witnesses, alcoholics, pacifists, beggars, criminals
28
what was the T4 programme?
- euthanasia
- propaganda appeared around germany
- killed incurably ill, disabled, mentally ill
- by 1945, 275,000 killed in action T4
- 20 hospitals set up with special childrens wards
- over 5000 children taken from families and killed through lethal injection or starvation
29
describe the final solution
- last stage of holocaust, took place from 1941 to 1945
- deliberate planned mass murder of european jews
- september 3rd 1941 experimental gassings began at auschwitz with mass killings beginning January 1943
- deportation was first step
- upon arrival were stripped of valuables and clothes, hair shaved, dehumanised
- walked past nazi doctor who indicted whether they should go to work of gas chambers
- 80% killed straight away
30
jewish people in 1933
- made up 1% of population
- 17% bankers, 10% doctors, 16% lawyers
- hitler was anti-semitic
- jews blamed for germany's problems and ww1 defeat
31
jews 1933 after nazis in power
- boycott of jewish shops by sa attaching posters to encourage boycott
- banned from government jobs e.g civil servants, techers, lawyers, journalists
- jewish and non-jewish children no longer allowed to play together
32
anti-semitic propaganda
- signs appeared in public places saying 'jews not wanted her'
- films e.g 'the eternal jew' portrayed jews as dangerous
- speeches from nazis e.g at nuremburg rallies portrayed jews as being responsible for all of germany's problems
- jews began to be banned from public places, special benches painted yellow for them
33
berlin olympics
- held in berlin between 1st and 16th august 1936
- led to 'olympic pause' where jewish persecution removed from public view
- persecution continued outside of berlin and routes where visitors didn't travel
- removed jews unwelcome signs from public places
- didn't want international criticism of his government
34
nuremberg laws 1935
- reich law on citizenship: only those of german blood can be citizens, jews were subjects not citizens, had to wear yellow star
- reich law for the protection of german blood and honour: jews forbidden from marrying german citizens, forbade sexual relationships
35
1938 laws
jews banned from:
- owning radios, typewriters, bikes
- going to cinema, theatre, concert halls
- buying newspapers and magazins
- attending state schools or university
- having own businesses
- had to add israel or sara to names to identify as jewish
36
business ownership nuremberg laws
- in 1937 and 1938
- gov required jews to register their property then aryanised the businesses
- jewish workers and mangers dismissed
- ownership taken over by non-jews who bought them at fixed bargain prices
37
jewish ancestors
- anyone who had three of four jewish grandparents defined as a jew
- even those with jewish grandparents that had converted to christianity were defined as jews
38
identification
- everyone required to carry ID cards
- red J stamped on jews cards
- new middle names for jews
- cards allowed police to easily identify jews
38
invasion of poland jews
- 3.5 million more jews came under nazi control
- in warsaw, forced into a small walled area known as warsaw ghetto where they had to survive on 300 calories a day
39
invasion of soviet union jews
- june 1941
- shot jewish people dead
- buried in mass graves
40
wannsee conference
- january 1942
- in july 1941 goring ordered final solution to jewish question
- meant mass genocide
- leading nazis met at wannsee on 20th jan 1942 to plan it
41
jewish opposition
- resistance took to countryside and armed rising took place in ghettos
- 15,000 jews held out for 4 weeks against german forces in 1943
- 600 prisoners escaped from sobibor camp in poland in oct 1943
42
when was kristallnacht
9-10th november 1938
43
kristallnacht other name and meaning
- the night of the broken glass
- literal smashed glass
- but ultimately final shattering of jewish existence in germany
- afterwards nazi regime made jewish survival almost impossible
44
what triggered kristallnacht
- assassination of a german diplomat in paris by a jewish student
- goebbels organised a campaign of violence in retaliation
- claimed murder was a small part of a much wider conspiracy against nazis by international jews
- encouraged nazis and ss to attack jewish people, their property and synagogues
45
what happened in kristallnacht?
- just before midnight on november 9th gestapo chief muller sent a telegram to all police units informing them that 'in shortest order, actions against jews and especially their synagogues will take place in all of germany. these are not to be interfered with.'
- police had to arrest victimes
- firefighters told to let buildings burn, only to intervene if fire threatened adjacent aryan properties
- 91 jews killed
- more than 1000 synagogues burned
- streets full of smashed glass
- goring find one billion german marks to pay for damage nazis had caused
- arrested and deported 30,000 jewish men
46
impact of kristallnacht
- reich confiscated any compensation claims insurance companies paid to jews
- rubble of synagogues cleared by jewish community
- imposed a collective fine of one billion marks on jewish community
- barred jews from schools on november 15th and authorised curfews
