Part 5: Pain as an Emotion & the Evolutionary Account of Pain

Question 1

Pain as an emotion:

What are the 4 stages of the Sequential model of pain processing?

1.

2.

3.

4.

Answer 1

Pain as an emotion:

What are the 4 stages of the Sequential model of pain processing?

1. Pain sensation.
2. Pain unpleasantness.
3. Pain-related emotions.
4. Overt expression of pain.

Question 2

Pain as an emotion:

Who analysed data of chronic pain patients attending a medical pain centre

Hint: W et al. (199_)

Answer 2

Wade et al. (1996)

Question 3

Pain as an emotion:

Analysing data of chronic pain patients attending a medical pain centre (Wade et al., 1996).

How many patients were recruited?

Answer 3

506

Question 4

Pain as an emotion:

Analysing data of chronic pain patients attending a medical pain centre (Wade et al. 1996).

What was the main finding of this study?

Answer 4

The Sequential model best characterised the stages of patients pain.

Question 5

Pain as an emotion:

What BASIC emotions are frequently observed in pain?

1.
2.
3.
4.

Hint: G-FAD

Answer 5

Pain as an emotion:

What basic emotions are frequently observed in pain?

1. Guilt.
2. Fear.
3. Anxiety.
4. Depression.

Question 6

Pain as an emotion:

What SOCIAL emotions are frequently observed in pain?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Hint: SARRA

Answer 6

Pain as an emotion:

What SOCIAL emotions are frequently observed in pain?

1. Subservience.
2. Anger.
3. Resignation.
4. Rejection.
5. Abandonment.

Question 7

Pain as an emotion:

Emotional distress/unpleasantness motivated:

1.
2.

Hint: A, P-s

Answer 7

Pain as an emotion:

Emotional distress/unpleasantness motivated:

1. Actions.
2. Physical sensations of pain.

Question 8

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and chronic pain.

What two dimensions of pain are affected by depression?

1.
2.

Hint: M-a, C-e

Answer 8

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and chronic pain.

What two dimensions of pain are affected by depression?

1. Motivational-affective.
2. Cognitive-evaluative.

Question 9

Pain as an emotion:

Give 2 examples of how depression leads to changes in the motivational-affective component of pain:

1.
2.

Answer 9

Pain as an emotion:

Give 2 examples of how depression leads to changes in the motivational-affective component of pain:

1. Decreased interest in activities.
2. Increased sadness.

Question 10

Pain as an emotion:

Give 2 examples of how depression leads to changes in the cognitive-evaluative component of pain:

1.
2.

Answer 10

Pain as an emotion:

Give 2 examples of how depression leads to changes in the cognitive-evaluative component of pain:

1. Maladaptive thought patterns.
2. Negative appraisals of coping.

Question 11

Pain as an emotion:

Who estimated the prevalence of depression in chronic pain?

Hint: M and C (200_)

Answer 11

Miller and Cano (2009)

Question 12

Pain as an emotion:

According to Miller and Cano (2009), what percentage of chronic pain patients also have depression?

Answer 12

35%.

Question 13

Pain as an emotion:

Who investigated the relationship between chronic pain, depression, gender and QoL?

Hint: A (200_)

Answer 13

Arnow (2006)

Question 14

Pain as an emotion:

Investigating the relationship between chronic pain, depression, gender, age and QoL (Arnow, 2006).

What were the key findings?

1.
2.
3.

Answer 14

Pain as an emotion:

Investigating the relationship between chronic pain, depression, gender and QoL (Arnow, 2006).

What were the key findings?

1. Chronic pain patients more likely to report depression than controls.
2. Younger females more likely to report depression.
3. Depressed patients with disabling chronic pain have lower QoL scores.

Question 15

Pain as an emotion:

Who discovered depression is more common in chronic pain than other chronic illnesses like diabetes, cardiac disease and cancer?

Hint: C et al. (200_)

Answer 15

Campbell et al. (2003)

Question 16

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Who reported the prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients?

Hint: T and C (200_)

Answer 16

Tang and Crane (2006).

Question 17

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients (Tang and Crane, 2006).

What percentage of chronic pain patients -
Attempt suicide:
Have suicidal ideation:

Answer 17

Attempt suicide: 5-14%

Have suicidal ideation: 20%

Question 18

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients (Tang and Crane, 2006).

What 8 risk factors were identified for suicidality in chronic pain?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Hint: PIT-DID-HC

Answer 18

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients (Tang and Crane, 2006).

What 8 risk factors were identified for suicidality in chronic pain?

1. Problem-solving deficits.
2. Intensity
3. Type
4. Duration
5. Insomnia
6. Desire to escape.
7. Helplessness/hopelessness
8. Catastrophising.

Question 19

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Name one of the most vulnerable populations to suicide.

Answer 19

Old Koreans.

Question 20

Pain as an emotion.

Depression and pain.

Who investigated the influence of chronic illness, functional limitations and pain in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in old Koreans?

Hint: K (201_)

Answer 20

Kim (2016)

Question 21

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Influence of chronic illness, functional limitations and pain in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in old Koreans (Kim, 2016).

What 2 main factors were associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation?

1.
2.

Answer 21

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Influence of chronic illness, functional limitations and pain in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in old Koreans (Kim, 2016).

What were the 2 main findings?

1. Moderate-severe limitations in self care and usual activities.
2. Moderate-extreme pain.

Question 22

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Influence of chronic illness, functional limitations and pain in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in old Koreans (Kim, 2016).

What 3 main factors were associated with increase risk of suicide attempts?

1.
2.
3.

Answer 22

Pain as an emotion:

Depression and pain.

Influence of chronic illness, functional limitations and pain in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in old Koreans (Kim, 2016).

What 2 main factors were associated with increase risk of suicide attempts?

1. Arthritis and renal failure.
2. Moderate limitations in usual activities.
3. Extreme pain.

Question 23

Evolutionary account of pain:

As a result of its aversiveness, pain serves to promote an organisms health and integrity by:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 23

Evolutionary account of pain:

As a result of its aversiveness, pain serves to promote an organisms health and integrity by:

1. Identifying what’s harmful.
2. Prompting avoiding harm.
3. Giving high priority to escaping danger.
4. Promote healing by inhibiting activities.

Question 24

Evolutionary account of pain:

The inability to feel pain is called:

Answer 24

Congenial insensitivity to pain.

Question 25

Pain behaviours: Pain behaviours result from experience pain and suffering. This are things a person does to does not do in response to tissue damage, such as: ``` 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ```

Answer 25

Pain behaviours: Pain behaviours result from experience pain and suffering. This are things a person does to does not do in response to tissue damage, such as: 1. Verbal expressions, 2. Facial expressions. 3. Resting. 4. Seeking medical attention. 5. Refusing to engage in normal activities.

Question 26

Pain behaviours: What are the 2 most common methods of measuring pain behaviours? 1. 2.

Answer 26

Pain behaviours: What are the 2 most common methods of measuring pain behaviours? 1. Self-report questionnaires. 2. Direct observations of behaviours.

Question 27

Pain behaviours: What are the 3 main functions of pain behaviours? 1. 2. 3.

Answer 27

Pain behaviours: What are the 3 main functions of pain behaviours? 1. Control tissue damage. 2. Pain modulation. 3. Communication and social regulation.

Question 28

Pain behaviours: What are the most common cues of definite or sever pain in communicatively impaired children? ``` 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ```

Answer 28

Pain behaviours: What are the most common cues of definite or sever pain in communicatively impaired children? 1. Distressed face. 2. Crying. 3. Screaming or yelling. 4. Stiff or tense body. 5. Difficult to comfort/console. 6. Flinches or moves away when touched.

Question 29

Facial expressions of pain: Evidence shows expressions of happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, fear and disgust are: 1. 2. 3.

Answer 29

Facial expressions of pain: Evidence shows expressions of happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, fear and disgust are: 1. Distinctive. 2. Involuntary. 3. Automatically appraised by observers.

Question 30

Facial expressions of pain: Pain expressions are found to consistent across: 1. 2.

Answer 30

Facial expressions of pain: Pain expressions are found to consistent across: 1. Lifespan. 2. Stimuli.

Question 31

Facial expressions of pain: Pain expressions are not always consistently found across:

Answer 31

cultures, but are consistent for emotions.

Question 32

Facial expression of pain: According to Williams (2002), what are the survival advantages of pain expressions? 1. 2. 3.

Answer 32

Facial expression of pain: According to Williams (2002), what are the survival advantages of pain expressions? 1. Observers promote rest and recovery. 2. Protection from danger. 3. Aid in obtaining basic needs.

Question 33

Facial expression of pain: According to Williams (2002), the ability to detect pain in others evolved at the same time we became able to express pain. What other ability did we evolve?

Answer 33

The ability to suppress facial expressions of pain.

Question 34

Negative effects of pain behaviours: Who investigated the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability? Hint: M et al. (201_)

Answer 34

Martel et al. (2012)

Question 35

Negative effects of pain behaviours: Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al., 2012). Who was recruited for the study?

Answer 35

70 undergraduate students.

Question 36

Negative effects of pain behaviours: Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012). What was the task assigned to the student?

Answer 36

Watch video clips of chronic back pain patients performing lifting tasks and eliciting pain behaviours.

Question 37

Negative effects of pain behaviours: Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012). What were the 3 group conditions for the video task? 1. 2. 3.

Answer 37

Negative effects of pain behaviours: Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012). What were the 3 group conditions for the video task? 1. No pain behaviour. 2. Communicative pain behaviour through facial expressions. 3. Protective pain behaviour (guarding or touching).

Question 38

Negative effects of pain behaviours: Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012). What did students do after watching the video task? Provided ratings of: 1. 2. 3.

Answer 38

Negative effects of pain behaviours: Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012). What did students do after watching the video task? Provided ratings of: 1. Pain intensity. 2. Readiness to work. 3. Personality traits.

Question 39

Negative effects of pain behaviours. Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012). What were the 2 major findings of this study? 1. 2.

Answer 39

Negative effects of pain behaviours. Investigating the association between pain behaviour, functional disability and duration of occupational disability (Martel et al. 2012). What were the 2 major findings of this study? 1. Communicative (facial expression) of pain rated as having more pain than no behaviours. 2. Protective behaviours associated with less ready to work and less likeable or dependable.