Part 7

Question 1

What are Calcium Channel Blockers?

Answer 1

Medications that prevent calcium from entering cells of the heart and blood vessel walls

They help lower blood pressure and reduce heart workload.

Question 2

What is Calcium Gluconate used for?

Answer 2

Treatment for hypocalcemia and certain types of hyperkalemia

It is also used in cases of hydrofluoric acid exposure.

Question 3

What is Carbon Monoxide (CO)?

Answer 3

A colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon-containing fuels

It can cause asphyxiation and poisoning.

Question 4

What is the purpose of a Hyperbaric Chamber?

Answer 4

To provide high-pressure oxygen therapy

It is beneficial in treating carbon monoxide poisoning and decompression sickness.

Question 5

What are Benzodiazepines?

Answer 5

A class of medications that act as central nervous system depressants

They are commonly used for anxiety, seizures, and insomnia.

Question 6

What is Coumadin (Warfarin)?

Answer 6

An anticoagulant medication used to prevent blood clots

It works by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

Question 7

What role does Vitamin K play in the body?

Answer 7

Essential for the synthesis of proteins required for blood coagulation

It is crucial in preventing excessive bleeding.

Question 8

What are Crotalinae (Pit Vipers)?

Answer 8

A subfamily of venomous snakes known for their heat-sensing pits

Their bites can cause significant tissue damage.

Question 9

What is CroFab?

Answer 9

A specific antivenom for pit viper bites

It is derived from ovine (sheep) antibodies.

Question 10

What is the treatment for Cyanide poisoning?

Answer 10

Amyl Nitrate, Sodium Thiosulfate, and Sodium Nitrite

These agents help detoxify cyanide and facilitate its excretion.

Question 11

What is the function of Sodium Thiosulfate?

Answer 11

It acts as a cyanide antidote

It converts cyanide to thiocyanate, which is less toxic.

Question 12

What is Digitalis used for?

Answer 12

To treat heart conditions, particularly atrial fibrillation and heart failure

It increases the force of heart contractions.

Question 13

What is Digibind?

Answer 13

An antidote for digoxin toxicity

It binds to digoxin and helps remove it from the body.

Question 14

What is Dilantin?

Answer 14

A medication used to control seizures

Its active ingredient is phenytoin.

Question 15

What does supportive care involve?

Answer 15

Management of symptoms and comfort without specific treatment

It is often crucial in emergency and critical care settings.

Question 16

What is Ethylene Glycol?

Answer 16

A toxic alcohol commonly found in antifreeze

Its ingestion can lead to metabolic acidosis and renal failure.

Question 17

What are IV Ethanol and Fomepizole used for?

Answer 17

Antidotes for methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning

They inhibit the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.

Question 18

What is Heparin?

Answer 18

An anticoagulant that prevents blood clots

It is often used during and after surgeries.

Question 19

What is Protamine Sulfate?

Answer 19

An antidote for heparin overdose

It neutralizes the anticoagulant effects of heparin.

Question 20

What are Hydrocarbons?

Answer 20

Compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon

They can be toxic when ingested or inhaled.

Question 21

What is Hydrofluoric Acid?

Answer 21

A highly corrosive acid that can cause severe burns

It requires immediate treatment with calcium gluconate.

Question 22

What is Isoniazid (INH)?

Answer 22

An antibiotic used primarily to treat tuberculosis

Overdose can lead to seizures and metabolic acidosis.

Question 23

What is Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) used for in toxicology?

Answer 23

To treat isoniazid overdose

It helps reverse the effects of the drug.

Question 24

What is Iron toxicity treated with?

Answer 24

Deferoxamine (Desferal)

It chelates excess iron to remove it from the body.

Question 25

What is Methanol?

Answer 25

A toxic alcohol that can cause metabolic acidosis and blindness ## Footnote Its ingestion requires immediate medical attention.

Question 26

What are Opioids?

Answer 26

A class of drugs used to treat pain ## Footnote They can cause respiratory depression and overdose.

Question 27

What is Naloxone (Narcan)?

Answer 27

An opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid overdose ## Footnote It rapidly restores normal breathing.

Question 28

What are Organophosphates?

Answer 28

A group of chemicals used in pesticides ## Footnote They can cause cholinergic toxicity.

Question 29

What does Atropine do?

Answer 29

It blocks the effects of acetylcholine ## Footnote It is used to treat organophosphate poisoning.

Question 30

What are Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)?

Answer 30

A class of antidepressants that can be toxic in overdose ## Footnote Symptoms include anticholinergic effects and cardiac arrhythmias.

Question 31

What is Bicarbonate (Bicarb) used for?

Answer 31

To correct metabolic acidosis ## Footnote It can also be used in certain drug overdoses.

Question 32

What defines a 1st Degree burn?

Answer 32

Red skin, no blisters ## Footnote Commonly caused by sunburns or short exposure to flames.

Question 33

What characterizes a 2nd Degree burn?

Answer 33

"Partial thickness" with blisters ## Footnote Often caused by hot water.

Question 34

What is a 3rd Degree burn?

Answer 34

"Full thickness" burn with charred, leathery tissue ## Footnote It destroys all layers of skin.

Question 35

What is a 4th Degree burn?

Answer 35

Extends through all layers of skin down to the bone ## Footnote Often requires amputation.

Question 36

What is the Brooke formula for burn fluid resuscitation?

Answer 36

2cc x kg x BSA over 24hrs ## Footnote First half given in the first 8 hours from the time of burn.

Question 37

What is the Parkland formula for burn fluid resuscitation?

Answer 37

4cc x kg x BSA over 24hrs ## Footnote First half given in the first 8 hours from the time of burn.

Question 38

What is the goal urine output (UOP) for burn patients?

Answer 38

30-50ml/hr ## Footnote This is essential for kidney perfusion.

Question 39

What is the primary treatment for electrical injuries?

Answer 39

Maintain a urine output of 100ml/hr ## Footnote This helps prevent renal failure.

Question 40

What should be done for chemical burn patients before transport?

Answer 40

Flush with copious water ## Footnote Irrigation takes priority over transport.

Question 41

What is the treatment for acid burns?

Answer 41

Dilute with copious amounts of water ## Footnote Neutralize hydrofluoric acid with calcium gluconate.

Question 42

What are the signs of inhalational burns?

Answer 42

Facial burns, carbonaceous sputum, stridor ## Footnote These indicate potential airway injury.

Question 43

What is the treatment for Carbon Monoxide (CO) intoxication?

Answer 43

100% oxygen therapy ## Footnote Patients may require treatment for 12-24 hours.

Question 44

What predicts the severity of electrical injuries?

Answer 44

Voltage and amperage ## Footnote Amperage is a better predictor of injury.

Question 45

What is Newton's 1st Law of Motion?

Answer 45

A body at rest stays at rest, and a body in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force ## Footnote This is known as the law of inertia.

Question 46

What does Newton's 2nd Law of Motion state?

Answer 46

Force equals mass times acceleration ## Footnote It describes how an object accelerates in response to applied force.

Question 47

What is Beck's Triad?

Answer 47

Muffled heart tones, hypotension, and jugular venous distention ## Footnote It is a classic presentation of cardiac tamponade.

Question 48

What is the initial treatment for pneumothorax?

Answer 48

Occlusive dressing over the wound ## Footnote Followed by needle decompression if symptomatic.

Question 49

What is the most commonly damaged organ in trauma?

Answer 49

The skin ## Footnote It is often the first point of injury in blunt trauma.

Question 50

What is the most definitive assessment of shock?

Answer 50

Lactic acidosis (lactate >4 Mmol/L) ## Footnote It indicates tissue hypoperfusion.

Question 51

What characterizes a tension pneumothorax?

Answer 51

Accumulation of air in the pleural space leading to respiratory distress ## Footnote It is a life-threatening condition requiring immediate intervention.

Question 52

What is a rib fracture commonly associated with?

Answer 52

Head, neck, and spinal cord injuries ## Footnote Especially when the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd ribs are involved.