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Bio 107 > Part A > Flashcards

Part A Flashcards

Lectures 1-16

1
Q

What do all organic molecules contain?

A

Carbon and Hydrogen

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2
Q

Why is Carbon an essential element?

A

It has 4 valence electrons and can form chains and rings

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3
Q

How can you create polymers and monomers?

A

Polymers are created by Dehydration reactions that release a water molecule. Monomers are created from a hydrolysis reaction which requires a water molecule.

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4
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of the macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides, CHO)
Proteins (Amino acids, Polypeptides, CHONS)
Nucleic Acids( Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, CHONP)
Lipids (Glycerol and Fatty Acids, Fats+Oils, CHO)

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates used for and how are they stored?

A

Energy, and a source of Carbon, they are stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants, and they are used in cellulose for cell walls.

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6
Q

What are the functions of Proteins and what are their different Groups?

A

Proteins are used for Transporters and Enzymes, and their different groups are Non-Polar(C + H), Uncharged Polar (OH), Acidic(COO-), Basic(NH4+)

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7
Q

How do polypeptides decide which protein to become?

A

Whichever is the lowest energy shape

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8
Q

How many Amino acids are 1 Dalton?

A

110 Amino Acids = 1 Da

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9
Q

What are the 4 different types of structures of proteins?

A

Primary: Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds to form polypeptides.
Secondary: H bonds between the backbones cause the formation of Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated sheets.
Tertiary: Various H bonds between side chains of the same polypeptide.
Quaternary: Various H bonds between the side chains of 2+ polypeptides.

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10
Q

What are two different types of Nucleic Acids, and their functions?

A

DNA: Stores information for the cell
RNA: Allows the stored information to control the cell

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11
Q

What are the nucleotide bases bonded by together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What is a Nucleoside, Nucleotide, and a Nucleic Acid?

A

Nucleoside: Base + Sugar
Nucleotide: Nucleoside + 1-3 Phosphates
Nucleic Acid: 2+ Nucleotides

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13
Q

What are the functions of ATP and GTP?

A

Energy and Protein Regulation

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14
Q

What is the difference between Fats and Oils?

A

Fats are easier to make, are saturated, and they solidify because they are straight and they come together easily.
Oils are unsaturated, and they bend due to the double/triple bonds, They do not solidify so they are better in cold conditions. Both of them are used as energy storage.

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15
Q

Which parts of phospholipids are hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A

The Phosphate is the hydrophilic part and the lipid is the hydrophobic part.

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16
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

They have a monosaccharide ontop of lipids rather than a phosphate group.

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of Steriods and what are their functions?

A

Cholesterol: Goes in between unsaturated phospholipids to prevent solidification and leakage.
Steroid hormones: Sex hormones
Waxes

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18
Q

What are the 2 Mixed Macromolecules and what are they made of?

A

Lipopolysaccharide: Lipids and Carbohydrates
Peptidoglycan: Carbohydrates and Proteins

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19
Q

What are Cofactors?

A

An organic molecule that binds to a protein to carry out its function?

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20
Q

What are the properties of all living organisms?

A 
Organize: have cells
Metabolize: Consume energy
Interact with the environment: Find food
Reproduce: Make babies
Evolve: Change
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21
Q

What are the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Size
Organelles
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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22
Q

What are the 3 Domains, and the 5 Kingdoms?

A

Archaea: Extreme environments
Bacteria: Mild environments
Eukarya

Prokaryotes
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists
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23
Q

Why are cells called Unicellular and Multicellular?

A

They have one cell (Unicellular) or many cells(Multicellular)

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24
Q

Why are many cells small?

A

They can have a higher surface area to volume ratio and they can specialize

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25
What are 3 ways cells can increase surface area?
Infoldings Outfoldings Internal Membranes: Organelles
26
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
Contain cell contents Flexibility Allows Transport
27
What are the functions of the phospholipid bilayer?
Forms spontaneously Moderately fluid Flexible
28
What is the function of glycolipids?
Protection
29
What are the 2 kinds of membrane proteins and what are their functions?
Integral: they are partially connected to phospholipids and ECM Peripheral: They are connected to the integral membrane proteins Their function is Transport
30
What are the types of Antigens on blood cells?
H-Antigen: Glycolipids A-Antigen: Glycolipids B-Antigen: Glycolipids D-Antigen: Proteins
31
What blood can be donated to patients?
A patient cannot receive a new antigen.
32
What is Diffusion and what molecules can diffuse?
Movement of molecules from high to low. Gases and Steriods can diffuse
33
What is Osmosis?
Diffusion of Water
34
What are the different Tonicities and what happens to plant/animal cells in the tonicities?
Isotonic: Same concentration in and out of the cell Hypertonic: Greater concentration outside the cell Hypotonic: Greater concentration inside the cell Animal Cells: Isotonic-Normal, Hypertonic-Shrivel, Hypotonic-Lysed Plant Cells: Isotonic-Flaccid, Hypertonic-Plasmolyze, Hypotonic-Turgid
35
What are the ways cells conduct passive transport and what do they transport?
Channel Protein: Small Ions | Passive Transporters: Monomers
36
What are the ways cells conduct active transport and what do they transport?
ATP-Powered Transporters: Ions | H+/Na+ Powered Transporters: Monomers and Ions
37
What happens during Exocytosis?
Vesicles bind to the plasma membrane and then release the contents to the ECF
38
What are the 3 types of Endocytosis?
Phagocytosis: Cells engulf other cells Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: Molecules bind to receptors and then are pulled into the cell in a vesicle Pinocytosis: The intake of membrane
39
What is the function of cell walls?
Protect during hypotonic environments
40
What is the cell wall structure of Gram-Positive Bacteria?
A thick layer of peptidoglycan outside the plasma membrane
41
What is the function of Penicillin and Lysozymes?
Penicillin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan | Lysozyme cuts up peptidoglycan directly
42
What is the cell wall structure of Gram-Negative Bacteria?
A layer of the plasma membrane, a thin layer of peptidoglycan, and another layer of the plasma membrane which glycoproteins on top
43
What are the functions of the polysaccharide layers?
Protection against Phagocytosis | Ability to Stick to things
44
What are the functions of Frimbrae Proteins?
They allow cells to stick to eukaryotic cells
45
What are the exteriors of Plant Cells?
The Cell Wall is responsible for: Protection, Attachment, Sealing. Plasmodesmata is responsible for Communication.
46
What are the exteriors of Animal Cells?
Extracellular Matrix: Made up of Collagen(Vitamin C) [Protection] Spot Desmosomes: They connects cells together (Attachment) Hemidesmosomes: They hold cells to the ECM (Attachment) Tight Junctions: Chains of Integrals and halt the movement of proteins and ECF (Sealing) Gap Junctions: Communication
47
What is the difference between Cytosol and cytoplasm?
The cytoplasm is everything inside the cell, and cytosol is only the fluid
48
What are prokaryotic Ribosomes composed of and their functions?
They are composed of 3 Ribosomal RNA and 52 ribosomal proteins They are responsible for the production of proteins
49
What are prokaryotic chromosomes made of and their functions?
double-stranded DNA and they contain information for growth and reproduction and the genes make either protein and ribosomal RNA.
50
What are prokaryotic Plasmids and their function?
They contain information for 1 special ability R- allows E. coli to break down ampicillin F-Transfer DNA to other cells
51
What are the 3 types of E.coli?
Pathogenic: Harmful when they reproduce Beneficial: Make vitamins Lab: easily manipulated
52
What are Svedberg units?
A measure of how quickly someone moves to the bottom of a centrifuge
53
What are the different things in the nucleus and their functions?
Chromatin: DNA wrapped in protein which functions in messenger RNA synthesis Nucleolus: Center, Ribosomal RNA synthesis and Ribosome assembly Nuclear Envelope: Two phospholipid bilayer and fluid filled space that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm Nuclear Lamina: Protein fibres that hold the nuclear envelope together Nuclear Pores: Protein cylinders that import nucleotides and proteins and export ribosomes and mRNAs
54
What are Eukaryotic Ribosomes composed of and responsible for?
RNA + Proteins and they are responsible for making proteins
55
What is the ER composed of and what are its functions?
Composed of plasma membranes, and a fluid filled interior called the ER Lumen. Rough: Contains ribosomes that make and export proteins, and membrane lipids Smooth: Holds the membrane proteins
56
What is the Golgi composed of and its function
Many vacuoles that are stacked together and it modifies and distributes the proteins that were made in the ER
57
What are Lysosomes and what are their functions?
Digest macromolecules and they are acidic to digest proteins, it digests food from the outside and organelles that are not needed anymore
58
What are peroxisomes and their functions?
They perform dangerous reactions, like breaking down fatty acids.
59
What are vacuoles used for?
Food during phagocytosis, and a central vacuole in plants
60
What are the 3 kinds of plastids and their function?
Storage: Starch, Fats+Oils Chromoplasts: Pigment Chloroplast: Photosynthesis
61
What is the mitochondria responsible for?
Cellular Respiration
62
What organelles do Animal and Plant cells not share?
Animal: Lysosomes Plant: Central Vacuole, Plastids
63
What order did the organelle events in the cell occur?
Nuclei, Mitochondria, Chloroplast | Mitochondria, and chloroplast are semi autonomous, they create their own proteins
64
What are the Chains of Globular Proteins and Bundles of fibrous proteins in prokaryotes?
GP: MreB-causes bacteria to become rod shaped to help them swim FP:Crescentin-curved cells so they can swim
65
What is the difference between mobility and motility?
Mobility is the ability to move, Motility is the ability to move on its own
66
How do bacteria move using flagella?
Made of Flagellin, anchored to the cell wall with a cylindrical base. A proton pump uses ATP to pump H+ out and then it diffuses back in and rotates the flagella. They move by run, tumble, run, tumble. It is faster than axial filaments.
67
How do Axial Filaments work?
On the side of the bacteria rather than the back, and they are better in thick environments
68
What are the Chains of Globular Proteins and Bundles of Fibrous Proteins in eukaryotes?
GP: Microtubules-made of alpha and beta tubulin, made of plus and minus ends, only the plus ends can be changed. They grow from centrosomes Actin-filaments-G Actin, can be changed at either end FP: Cytokeratins(cytosol), Nuclear Lamins(Nucleus), can be only 1 or many. They connect Desmosomes.
69
What is responsible for Compression or Tension?
Microtubules: Compression | Actin Filaments and Intermediate Filaments: Tension
70
What is Cell Crawling?
G-Actin converts to F-Actin, and moves towards the end.
71
How do Plant cells move Chloroplasts?
Myosins and F-Actins move the chloroplasts in circles
72
How are Transport Vesicles moved?
Kinesins on Microtubules move towards plus ends, and Dyneins move towards the minus ends
73
How do sperm and eggs move towards each other?
Microtubules and Dynein and bending
74
What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins?
``` Transport Enzymatic Activity Signal Transduction Cell-cell recognition Intercellular Joining Attachment to ECM ```

Bio 107 (2 decks)

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