Part I Overall Perspective: Chapter 1, The Brain and Behavior

Question 1

View about the brain and behavior is an amalgamation of which 5 related fields?

Answer 1

Anatomy, embryology, physiology, pharmacology and psychology

Question 2

Two Main Components of the CNS

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord

Question 3

CNS is bilateral/radial, symmetrical/asymetrical

Answer 3

Bilateral, largely symmetrical

Question 4

Six Major Structures of the Brain

Answer 4

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

Question 5

How are the six major structures of the brain distinguished?

Answer 5

Each comprise distinct groups of neurons, with distinctive connectivity and developmental origin

Question 6

Three Broader Regions of the Brain

Answer 6

The hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 7

3 Components of the Hindbrain

Answer 7

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 8

4 Components of the Midbrain

Answer 8

1. Tectum
2. Substantia nigra
3. Reticular formation
4. Periaqueductal gray matter

Question 9

2 Components of the Forebrain

Answer 9

Diencephalon and cerebrum

Question 10

Name of neuron groups found in medulla, pons, midbrain and diencephalon

Answer 10

Nuclei

Question 11

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 11

Large folded sheet of neurons covering the surface of the cerebrum

Question 12

Cerebellar Cortex

Answer 12

Large folded sheet of neurons covering the surface of the cerebellum

Question 13

Subcortical Structures

Answer 13

Structures found below the cortex

Question 14

Neuroanatomical Terms of Navigation

Answer 14

Rostral caudal (up and down for the spine, front and back for the brain)

Dorsal ventral (back and from for the spine, up and down for the brain)

Medial - lateral axis: medial middle, lateral: sides

Question 15

3 Section Planes of the Brain

Answer 15

Horizontal: separating the brain using the x axis
Coronal: separating the brain into a rostral part and a caudal part
Sagittal: separating the brain along the hemispheres

Question 16

Spinal Cord

Answer 16

• Most caudal part of the CNS
• Receive + process sensory information from the skin, joints, muscles of the body
• Controls movement
• Continues rostrally as the brain stem

Question 17

4 Subdivisions of the Spinal Cord

Answer 17

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral (rostral to caudal)

Question 18

Brain Stem

Answer 18

• Medulla, pons and the midbrain
• Receives sensory information from the skin and muscles of the head to provide motor control
• Relays information to/fro the brain and spinal cord
• Arousal and awareness: reticular formation

Question 19

Cranial Nerve Nuclei

Answer 19

Collections of cell bodies found in the brain stem that receive information or control motor output or process information

Question 20

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 20

Directly rostral to the spinal cord. Controls autonomic functions like digestion, breathing, heart rate control, reflex arcs, vomiting, blood vessels, gut muscles

Question 21

Pons

Answer 21

• Rostral to the medulla
• Conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebeluum

Question 22

Midbrain

Answer 22

Rostral to the pons; controls sensory and motor functions. Eye movement and coordination of visual and auditory reflexes

Question 23

Cerebellum

Answer 23

• Behind the pons
• Controls force and movement, learns motor skills
• Connected to the brain stem
• Conducts autonomic control of muscles to coordinate unconscious movements and actions
• Proprioception: sense of position and movement without vision

Question 24

Diencephalon

Answer 24

• Rostral to the midbrain
• Thalamus + hypothalamus

Question 25

Thalamus

Answer 25

- Structure found in the diencephalon - Processes most information reaching cerebral cortex from CNS

Question 26

Hypothalamus

Answer 26

- Structure found in the diencephalon - Regulates autonomic, endocrine and visceral functions by synthesizing hormones released by the pituitary gland

Question 27

Pituitary Gland

Answer 27

Secretes hormones synthesizesd by the hypothalamus to regulate bodily functions e.g. growth, sex organ functions, blood pressure and metabolism

Question 28

Cerebrum

Answer 28

- 2 cerebral hemispheres, each with a cerebral cortex and 3 deep lying structures: the basal ganglia, hippocampus and the amygdaloid nuclei - Contains many neurons to help process more complex tasks of the brain - Extensively folded to match the capacity of the uhuman skull - Size determines capability for higher order functions

Question 29

Basal ganglia

Answer 29

- 1 of 3 deep lying structure found in the cerebral hemispheres - Regulate movement execution and implicit memory

Question 30

Implicit memory

Answer 30

Motor and habit learning

Question 31

5 Components of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 31

Caudate Putamen Globus Pallidus Substantia nigra Subthalamic nucleus

Question 32

Hippocampus

Answer 32

- 1 of 3 deep lying structures found in the cerebral hemispheres - Memory storage

Question 33

Explicit Memory

Answer 33

Memory storage

Question 34

Amygdaloid Nuclei

Answer 34

- 1 of 3 deep lying structures found in the cerebral hemispheres - Coordinate autonomic and endocrine responses of emotional states: implicit memory

Question 35

4 Lobes of Each Cerebral Hemisphere

Answer 35

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

Question 36

Alternative Name for the 4 Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres

Answer 36

Cortical areas

Question 37

Frontal Lobe

Answer 37

- Connected to all the cortical areas - Conducts higher cognitive processing and motor planning - Posterior part controls voluntary muscle activity

Question 38

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 38

- Occupies gyrus rostral to the central sulcus - Controls voluntary muscle activity

Question 39

The primary motor cortex in the l/r cerebral hemisphere controls the muscles in the l/r side of the body

Answer 39

Left, right Right, left

Question 40

Parietal Lobe

Answer 40

- Uses visual info received by the occipital lobe to discern location, object manipulation, spatial awareness, movement and sense of touch

Question 41

Temporal Lobe

Answer 41

- Uses visual info received by the occipital lobe for memory formation - Object identity, auditory information processing, speech

Question 42

Occipital Lobe

Answer 42

- Receives visual info - Processed through two streams - Dorsal stream to the parietal lobe - Ventral stream to the temporal lobe

Question 43

Sulcus

Answer 43

Grooves

Question 44

Gyrus

Answer 44

Folds/ ridges

Question 45

Central sulcus separates x and y

Answer 45

Frontal and parietal lobes

Question 46

Lateral sulcus separates x and y

Answer 46

Frontal and temporal lobes

Question 47

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 47

Occupies gyrus caudal to the central sulcus

Question 48

Cingulate Cortex

Answer 48

Region of cerebral cortex not visible on the surface. Dorsal to the corpus callosum. Regulates emotion, pain perception, cognition

Question 49

Insular Cortex

Answer 49

Region of cerebral cortex not visible on the surface. Regulates emotion, homeostasis, taste perception

Question 50

Corpus Callosum

Answer 50

Bundle of nerve fibers coordinating motor and cognitive tasks by connecting the two hemispheres

Question 51

Nucleus Accumbens

Answer 51

One in each of the 2 hemispheres Release dopamine, a neurotransmitter enabling movement, learning, emotions

Question 52

Ventricles

Answer 52

Contain and produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 53

Contralteral

Answer 53

Opposite: each hemisphere of the cerebrum is concerned primarily with motor and sensory processes on the contralateral side of the body

Question 54

Are the left and right hemispheres completely symmetrical?

Answer 54

No