Part II. General Principles of animal breeding, genetics and reproduction Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
the genetic make-up of the trait represented by genes carried on the chromosomes.
A
Genotype
2
Q
the visible or measurable character representing the genotype.
A
Phenotype
3
Q
4 factors or rules should be considered for an effective improvement
A
- Genetic variation
- Selection of highly heritable traits
- Accurate measurement and recording
- Proper mating or breeding systems
4
Q
have a maximum differences on traits due to genetics. Standardize environment, and differences in performance (phenotype) of the animals are largely due to their genotype.
A
Genetic variation
5
Q
spend selection efforts on traits largely influence by heredity. These are the traits for which phenotype is a good indicator of genotype.
A
Selection of highly heritable traits
6
Q
use effective methods for evaluating traits of prospect breeders and have a reliable records/data.
A
Accurate measurement and recording
7
Q
breed selected animals with desirable traits using the right breeding methods and reproductive techniques.
A
Proper mating or breeding systems
8
Q
two general classifications of animal breeders
A
-purebred breeders/seedstock producers
-commercial breeder (producers)
9
Q
typically are from the purebreds for which their ancestry is recorded as a pedigree by a breed association.
A
Purebred livestock
10
Q
are crossbreds resulting from crossing tow or more breeds or lines of breeding.
A
Commercial slaughter/market livestock
11
Q
The two major systems of mating are :
A
Inbreeding & outbreeding
12
Q
to utilize hybrid vigor, breed complementation and stock improvement.
A
outbreeding
13
Q
primary geared towards maintenance and preservation of genetic superiority
A
Inbreeding
14
Q
mating of animals ore closely related than the average of the breed or population, resulting to an increased homozygosity of gene pairs compared to noninbred animals in the same population (breed/herd). Generally defined as mating or relatives within a breed.
A
Inbreeding
15
Q
mating of closely related animals whose ancestors have been inbred for several generation.
A
Intensive inbreeding
16
Q
a mild form of inbreeding where inbreeding is kept relatively low while maintaining a high genetic relationship to an outstanding ancestor (usually a sire) or line of ancestors.
A
Linebreeding
17
Q
mating of animals not as closely related as the average of the population.
A
Outbreeding
18
Q
contribute to individual fitness and to the evolution of animal genetic resources.
A
Adaptation traits
19
Q
The effect of an allele on animal performance, independent of the effect of the other allele at a locus
A
Additive genetic effects
20
Q
One of a pair, or series of alternative forms of a gene that can occur at a given locus on homologous chromosomes.
A
Allele
21
Q
Any one of a class of organic compounds containing the amino (NH2) group and the carboxyl (COOH) group.
A
Amino acids
22
Q
A system for genetic evaluations that estimates breeding values of individual animals (males, females) at the same time.
A
Animal model
23
Q
Any individual from which an animal is descended.
A
Ancestor
24
Q
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
A
Autosome
25
The cross produced by mating a first-cross animal back to one of its parent lines or breeds.
Backcross
26
Either a sub-specific group of domestic livestock with definable and identifiable external characteristics that enable it to be separated by visual appraisal from other similarly defined groups within the same species, or a group for which geographical and/or cultural separation from phenotypically similar groups has led to acceptance of its separate identity.
Breed
27
The mean genetic value of an individual as a parent. It can be estimated as the average superiority of an individual's progeny relative to all other progeny under conditions of random mating.
Breeding value
28
Spindle-fiber attachment region of a chromosome.
Centromere
29
Microscopically observable linear arrangement of DNA in the nucleus of a cell.
chromosome
30
Alleles, each of which produces an independent effect in heterozygotes.
Co-dominant alleles
31
The mean performance of a line when involved in a cross-breeding system.
Combining ability
32
A line that is randomly selected and randomly mated. Usually used in selection experiments to monitor environment effects in order to estimate genetic change in a selected line.
Control line
33
Matings between animals of different breeds or lines.
Crossbreeding
34
The protoplasm outside a cell nucleus.
Cytoplasm
35
An individual descended from other individuals.
Descendant
36
the chemical material which carries information to code for a gene.
DNA
37
Applied to one member of an allelic pair of genes, which has the ability to express itself wholly or largely at the exclusion of the expression of the other allele.
Dominant
38
The aggregate of all the external conditions and influences affecting the life and development of the organism.
environment
39
A prediction of a breeding value. See breeding value.
Estimated breeding value
40
When the gene at one locus affect the expression of the gene at another locus.
Epistasis
41
A sequence of DNA that is expressed (transcribed) into RNA , then translated into protein.
Exon
42
Animals resulting from crossing parents from different lines or breeds.
F1
43
Animals resulting from matings among F1 parents.
F2
44
Animals resulting from matings among F2 parents.
F3
45
The mean number of offspring per parent that successfully reproduce.
Family size
46
Individuals having the same male and female parents.
Full sibs
47
A sperm or egg cell containing the haploid (1n) number of chromosomes .
Gamete
48
A functional hereditary unit that occupies a fixed location on a chromosome, has a specific influence on phenotype, and is capable of mutation to various allelic forms.
Gene
49
A gene or DNA sequence having a known location on a chromosome and associated with a particular gene or trait; a gene phenotypically associated with a particular, easily identified trait and used to identify an individual or cell carrying that gene.
Genetic marker
50
Variation in phenotype which results from variations in genetic composition among individuals.
genetic variance
51
The complete set of genes and non-coding sequences present in each cell of an organism, or the genes in a complete haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism.
Genome
52
A discipline in genetics concerned with the study of the genome of an organism.
Genomics
53
The genetic constitution of one or a few gene(s) or locus (loci), or total genetic make-up (genes) of an individual organism.
Genotype
54
The process of repeated backcrossing to one parental line to produce a population that is nearly purebred.
Grade-up
55
Individuals that share only one common parent.
Half sibs
56
A set of alleles at a closely linked group of loci, so closely linked that the allelic set behaves almost as one allele in terms of inheritance.
Haplotype
57
Degree to which a given trait is controlled by inheritance; proportion of total phenotypic variation that is attributable to genetic variation (in contrast to environmentcaused variation).
Heritability
58
The degree to which the performance of a crossbred animal is better or worse than the average performance of the parents.
Heterosis
59
An organism with unlike members of any given pair or series of alleles, which consequently produces unlike gametes.
Heterozygote
60
Chromosomes which occur in pairs and are similar in size and shape, one having come from the male and one from the female parent.
Homologous chromosomes
61
An organism whose chromosomes carry identical members of a given pair of genes. The gametes are therefore all alike with respect to this locus.
Homozygote
62
Matings among related individuals, which results in progeny that have less heterozygosity and hence more homozygous gene pairs than the average of the population.
Inbreeding
63
When animals are culled if they do not meet all of the minimum levels of performance for a set of traits.
Independent culling
64
The appearance of the metaphase chromosomes of an individual or species, which shows the comparative size, shape, and morphology of the different chromosomes.
Karyotype
65
A gene that results in the death of the animal.
Lethal gene
66
Both internal (e.g., genetic merit) and external (e.g., nutrition, disease, exposure) forces that influence the expression of a threshold character (e.g., disease, conception, abnormalities, etc.).
Liability
67
Mating of selected individuals from successive generations to produce animals with a high relationship to one or more selected ancestors. It is a mild form of inbreeding.
Line-breeding
68
Association of genes physically located on the same chromosome. A group of linked genes is called a linkage group.
Linkage
69
The advantage of the crossbred mother over the average of purebred mothers.
Maternal heterosis
70
The rules which describe how selected breeds and/or individuals will be paired at mating.
Mating systems
71
The process by which the chromosome number of a reproductive cell becomes reduced to half the diploid (2n) or somatic number and results in the formation of eggs or sperm.
Meiosis
72
Movement of animals, and consequently genes, from one population to another.
Migration
73
Refers to the frequency at which the less common allele occurs in a given population.
Minor allele frequency (MAF)
74
Small bodies in the cytoplasm of most plant and animal cells responsible for energy production.
Mitochondria
75
Cell division process in which there is first a duplication of chromosomes, followed by migration of chromosomes to the ends of the spindle and a dividing of the cytoplasm, resulting in the formation of two cells with diploid (2n) number of chromosomes.
mitosis
76
The branch of genetic studies that deals with hereditary transmission and variation on the molecular level. It deals with the expression of genes by studying the DNA sequences of chromosomes.
Molecular genetics
77
Three or more alternative forms of a gene representing the same locus in a given pair of chromosomes.
Multiple alleles
77
Three or more alternative forms of a gene representing the same locus in a given pair of chromosomes.
Multiple alleles
77
Three or more alternative forms of a gene representing the same locus in a given pair of chromosomes.
Multiple alleles
78
A sudden change in the genotype of an organism. The term is most often used in reference to point mutations (changes in base sequence within a gene), but can refer to chromosomal changes.
mutation
79
Natural processes favoring reproduction by individuals that are better adapted, and tending to eliminate those less adapted to their environment.
Natural selection
80
Part of a cell containing chromosomes and surrounded by cytoplasm.
Nucleus
80
Part of a cell containing chromosomes and surrounded by cytoplasm.
Nucleus
81
Mating of individuals that are less closely related than the average of the
Outcrossing
82
Usually refers to pedigree chart or what a pedigree chart represents in genetics. It is a document to record the ancestry of an individual.
Pedigree
83
The proportion of the individuals with a particular gene combination that express the corresponding trait.
Penetrance
84
Environmental effects that result in permanent effects on the phenotypic expression of a trait.
Permanent environmental effects
85
Genetically determined characteristic which can be possessed by an organism. A synonym of trait.
Phene
86
The set of all phenotypes expressed by a cell, tissue, organ, organism, or species.
phenome
87
Actual exhibit of observable traits. Normally, it refers to physical characteristic of an individual such as size, shape, color, or performance.
phenotype
88
When two traits tend to change in the same or different direction as a net result of genetic and environmental effects.
Phenotypic correlation
89
A performance record; a measure of an animal's performance for a trait.
Phenotypic value
90
Variation in phenotype which results from variation in genetic and environmental effects on the individuals.
Phenotypic variation
91
Where DNA or genes have more than two forms or alleles in the population.
Polymorphism
92
Entire group of organisms of a kind that interbreed.
Population
93
The branch of genetics which deals with frequencies of alleles in groups of individuals.
Population genetics
94
Offspring or individuals resulting from specific matings.
Progeny
95
A test used to help predict an individual's breeding values, involving multiple matings of that individual and evaluation of its offspring.
Progeny test
96
Any of a group of complex nitrogenous organic compounds that contain amino acids as their basic structural units, occur in all living matter, and are essential for the growth and repair of animal tissue.
protein
97
A trait that can generally be classified into a limited number of categories, and the animal can be said to "possess" the quality or not. Examples include hair color, skin color, and ear stature.
Qualitative trait
98
A trait that is represented by an almost continuous distribution of measurements. Examples include average daily gain, backfat thickness, and height.
Quantitative trait
99
A locus that affects a quantitative trait.
Quantitative trait locus (QTL)
100
A mating system in which animals are assigned as breeding pairs at random, without regard to genetic relationship or performance.
Random mating
101
Applies to one member of an allelic pair which lacks the ability to manifest itself
Recessive
102
involved in the transcription of genetic information from DNA.
RNA
103
The separation of paired alleles at loci during germ cell formation.
Segregation
104
Any natural or artificial process favoring the survival and propagation of certain individuals in a population.
selection
105
The linear arrangement of nucleotides that make up unbranched polymer chains of DNA or RNA.
sequence
106
The X or Y chromosomes.
Sex chromosomes
107
A distinct variant of a phenotypic character of an organism that may be inherited, environmentally determined or a combination of the two.
trait
108
A distinct variant of a phenotypic character of an organism that may be inherited, environmentally determined or a combination of the two.
trait
109
The allele at a particular SNP that is the least frequent in a population.
variant allele
110
The cell produced by the union of mature gametes (egg and sperm) in reproduction.
zygote
111
Turkey
82
112
ducks
80
113
chicken & dog
78
114
camel
74
115
horse
64
116
donkey
62
117
cattle & goat
60
118
sheep
54
119
river buffalo
50
120
swamp buffalo
48
121
rabbit
44
122
rat
42
123
mouse & pig
40
124
cat
38
125
one allele mask the effect/action of the other in a locus.
Complete dominance
126
neither allele in a locus is dominant, the heterozygote offspring shows intermediate or blended phenotype.
Incomplete or Partial dominance
127
heterozygous individuals are superior (possess greater vigor or are more desirable to either homozygotes; and are said to possess heterosis or hybrid vigor.
Overdominance
128
two (both) alleles of a single locus are responsible for the production of two phenotypically distinct and detectable gene products.
Codominance
129
a gene or pair of gene which affect the expression of genes in other loci or chromosomes, not allelic (epistasis)
Epistatic Interaction
130
A pair of chromosomes in each normal body cell, called sex chromosomes, determines the sex of the zygote.
Inheritance of sex and sex-linkage
