Part III

Question 1

Multiplanar imaging
Surface rendering

Answer 1

3D Ultrasound

Question 2

Employed in diagnosis for ex. Examinations of blood flow and fetal heart rate

Answer 2

Continuous Wave

Question 3

Type of UTZ employed best in operational modes

Answer 3

Pulsed Wave

Question 4

Type of UTZ employed that measure high ratio accurately
-no depth resolution

Answer 4

Continuous Wave

Question 5

Type of UTZ employed that is transmitted in pulses
-good depth resolution
transmit time - cycle (on)
receive time - listening/dead time (off)

Answer 5

Pulsed Wave

Question 6

No. Of separate packets of sound that are sent out every second
Units - Hertz, Hz, per sec

Answer 6

Pulse Repetition Frequency

Question 7

Pulse duration plus listening time

Answer 7

Pulse Repetition Period

Question 8

Period no of cycles

Answer 8

Pulse Duration

Question 9

Percentage of time that the transducer is emitting soundwaves

Answer 9

Duty Factor

Question 10

Structure in an image that does not directly correlate with the actual tissue being scanned

Answer 10

Ultrasound Artifacts

Question 11

Occurs when an UTS beam encounters two strong parallel reflections

Answer 11

Reverberation Artifact

Question 12

False echoes due to repeated reflections between two interfaces with high acoustic impedance mismatch

Answer 12

Spurious

Question 13

Caused by the sound bouncing back and forth and then returning back to the receiver

Answer 13

Reverberation

Question 14

Two subtypes of reverberation

Answer 14

Comet-tail artifact
Ring down artifact

Question 15

Short-train of reverberations from an echogenic focus that has strong parallel reflections within it

Answer 15

Comet-tail artifact

Question 16

A type of continuous sound wave returning to the transducer often caused by fluid trapped between gas bubbles

Answer 16

Ring down artifact

Question 17

Appears as an area of low amplitude echoes (hypo or ana)
Behind a strongly attenuated tissue
-characterized by a signal void behind structures that strongly absorb or reflect ultrasonic waves

Answer 17

Acoustic Shadowing

Question 18

Artifact useful in finding all types of calcifications

Answer 18

Acoustic shadowing

Question 19

Aries from behind low attenuated object of interest provides increased echo
-appears as localized area of increased Cho amplitude behind an area of low attenuation

Answer 19

Acoustic Enhancement / Posterior Enhancement

Question 20

Occurring at edges of rounded structures

Answer 20

Edge shadowing

Question 21

Occurs when a reflective object located beyond the widened UTS beam, after the focal zone, create false detectable echoes that are displayed as overlapping the structure of intensity

Answer 21

Ultrasound beam width artifact

Question 22

Avoid UTS beam width artifact by:

Answer 22

Adjust focal zone to the depth level interest
-by placing the transducer at the center of the object being studied

Question 23

Occur due to the thickness of the beam and are similar to beam width artifact

Answer 23

Slice Thickness Artifact (Partial Volume Effect)

Question 24

The energy within the UTS beam exists as several side lobes radiating at a no of angles from a central lobe
-arises from a strong reflection that is outside of the central beam and where the echoes are displayed as if they originated from with the central beam

Answer 24

Side Lobe Artifact

Question 25

Result in a mirror image of a structure occurring in a UTS display -arise due to specular reflections of the beam at a large smooth interface

Answer 25

Mirror Image Artifact

Question 26

UTS Interactions

Answer 26

Scattering Absorption Defraction Refraction Reflection Transmission

Question 27

[UTS Interaction] soundwaves travel in all directions

Answer 27

Scattering

Question 28

[UTS Interaction] happens when soundwaves pass through a tissue and the beam gradually decreases

Answer 28

Absorption

Question 29

How to determine the strength of echo/intensity of UTS wave

Answer 29

HIGH AMPLITUDE, STRONGER ECHO, HIGH INTENSITY OF UTS

Question 30

Where beam diverged or scattered but not in all directions

Answer 30

Defraction

Question 31

Where we come to one of those boundaries between 2 different tissues and energy gets bent usually caused by change in speed

Answer 31

Refraction

Question 32

Where its shows coming in and reflecting off of a flat surface that it would come in at an angle and goes off at the same angle

Answer 32

Reflection

Question 33

Sound waves goes through the tissue

Answer 33

Transmission

Question 34

UTS FACTORING

Answer 34

Gain Time Gain Compensation Mode Display Depth Resolution Expansion Selection (RES)

Question 35

[UTS Factoring] Too low/too much may display false echoes -darken image to emphasize bone -intensity of returning echoes is amplified to produce a clearer image

Answer 35

Gain

Question 36

Too much gain can cause [..]

Answer 36

Cystic structure look solid instead of fluid filled

Question 37

If TGC is not present [..]

Answer 37

Tissue attenuation causes gradual loss of display deeper of tissues

Question 38

Compensate for different values of echoes Applies amplification or gain to compensate for the attenuation

Answer 38

TGC

Question 39

[TGC Curve] to suppress or increase echoes in the near field

Answer 39

Near Gain

Question 40

[TGC Curve] to suppress or increase echoes in the far filed

Answer 40

Far Gain

Question 41

[TGC Curve] controls inward incline of the TGC -used to display an even texture throughout the organ or structure under study

Answer 41

Slope

Question 42

[TGC Curve] control used to delay the start of the slope

Answer 42

Delay

Question 43

[TGC Curve] controls the point where the slope ends

Answer 43

Knee

Question 44

Controls the deep portions of the FOV of the UTS image

Answer 44

Depth

Question 45

If depth is too deep [..]

Answer 45

Minify the image

Question 46

If depth is too superficial [..]

Answer 46

Magnify the image

Question 47

Magnifies the part of the image Zoom box -particularly useful to display and measure small structures

Answer 47

Depth

Question 48

Image Storages

Answer 48

Photographic Paper Thermal Paper Video Tape Recorder VCD/DVD Flash Drive Digital Recording System or PACS

Question 49

Simple emulsion film (1990s) First image/storage recorder used

Answer 49

Photographic Paper

Question 50

[thermal paper] cheapest, image disappears in 1 month

Answer 50

Type I

Question 51

[thermal paper] expensive, better, glossy

Answer 51

Thermal Paper