Part IV Terms Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
world economy
A
Established by the Europeans by the 16th century; based on the control of the seas, including the Atlantic and Pacific; created an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products.
2
Q
Cape of Good Hope
A
The southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 AD by the Portuguese in search of a direct route to India.
3
Q
Christopher Columbus
A
Genoese captain in service of the king and queen of Castile and Aragon; successfully sailed to the New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in the Americas.
4
Q
Ferdinand Magellan
A
(1480-1521) A Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated the first circumnavigation of the globe; died during voyage; allowed Spain to claim the Philippines.
5
Q
Dutch East India Company
A
A joint stock company that obtained a government monopoly over trade in Asia, acting as a virtually independent government in regions it claimed.
6
Q
British East India Company
A
A joint stock company that obtained a government monopoly over trade in India, acting as a virtually independent government in regions it claimed.
7
Q
Lepanto
A
A naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571 AD.
8
Q
core nations
A
Usually European nations that enjoyed profit from the world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials.
9
Q
mercantilism
A
An economic theory that stressed governments’ promotion of the limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.
10
Q
Vasco de Balboa
A
(c. 1475-1519) The first Spanish captain to begin a settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509 AD. The intial settlement eventually led to the conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires by other captains.
11
Q
Francisco Pizarro
A
Led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of the Inca’s possessions fell to the Spanish.
12
Q
New France
A
French colonies in North America; extended from St. Lawrence River along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River valley system.
13
Q
Seven Years War
A
Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763 AD; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, and English seizures of colonies in India and North America.
14
Q
Treaty of Paris
A
Arranged in 1763 following the Seven Year’s War; granted New France to England in exchange for the return of the French sugar islands in the Caribbean.
15
Q
Cape Colony
A
A Dutch colony established at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770, settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus.
16
Q
Boers
A
Dutch settlers in Cape Colony in southern Africa.
17
Q
Calcutta
A
Headquarters of the British East India Company in Bengal in the Indian subcontinent; located on the Ganges; captured in 1756 during the early part of the Seven Years War; later became an administrative center for all of Bengal.
18
Q
Niccolo Machiavelli
A
(1469-1527 AD) Author of “The Prince” (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance.
19
Q
humanism
A
The focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; a method of study that stressed the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages.
20
Q
Northern Renaissance
A
The cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than the Italian Renaissance (c. 1450); centered in France, the Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than the Italian Renaissance.
21
Q
Francis I
A
The king of France in the 16th century; regarded as a Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on the Catholic church; ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman Emperor.
22
Q
Johannes Gutenburg
A
Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; credited with the greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets.
23
Q
European-style family
A
Originating in the 15th century among the peasants and artisans of western Europe, it featured late marriage ages, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never wed.
24
Q
Martin Luther
A
(1483-1546 AD) A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to the door of the Schlosskirche (a Wittenberg church); emphasized the primacy of faith over the works stressed in the Catholic church; accepted state control of the church.
25
Protestantism
A general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief.
26
Anglican church
A form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534 by Henry VIII with himself as the head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death.
27
Jean Calvin
A French Protestant (16th century) who stressed a doctrine of predestination; established the center of his group at the Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government and wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America.
28
Catholic Reformation
A restatement of the traditional Catholic beliefs in response to the Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs.
29
Jesuits
A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia.
30
Edict of Nantes
A grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after a lengthly civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions.
31
Thirty Years War
A war within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with the Treaty of Westphalia.
32
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended the Thirty Years War in 1648; granted the right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.
33
English Civil War
A conflict from 1640 to 1660 AD; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 AD following the execution of the previous king.
34
proletariat
A class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in the agricultural economy, or the urban poor; in Europe, the product of economic changes of the 16th and 17th centuries.
35
witchcraft persecution
Reflecting the resentment against the poor and the uncertainty about religious truth, it resulted in the death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas.
36
Scientific Revolution
Culminated in the 17th century; a period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in a change in the traditional beliefs of the Middle Ages.
37
Nicolaus Copernicus
A Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved the Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe.
38
Johannes Kepler
(1571-1630 AD) An astronomer and mathematican who was a prominent figure in the Scientific Revolution.
39
Galileo Galilei
Published Copernicus' findings (17th century); added his own discoveries concerning the laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.
40
William Harvey
An English physician (17th century) who demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals and the function of the heart as a pump.
41
Francis Bacon
(1561-1626 AD) An English philosopher, statesman, author, and scientist; an influential member of the Scientific Revolution; best known for his work on the scientific method.
42
René Descartes
Established the importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature.
43
Issac Newton
(1643-1727 AD) An English scientist and the author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established the principles of motion; defined the forces of gravity.
44
Deism
The concept of God current in the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was the set the natural laws in motion, but not to regulate them once the process had begun.
45
John Locke
(1632-1704 AD) An English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that the power of the government came from the people, not the divine right of kings; offered the possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants.
46
absolute monarchy
The concept of government that developed during the rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs that passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies.
47
Louis XIV
(1638-1715 AD) A French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy.
48
Glorious Revolution
The English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in the affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king.
49
parliamentary monarchy
Originated in England and Holland (17th century), with monarchs partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments.
50
Frederick the Great
A Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of the economy.
51
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study human society; belief that rational laws could describe human behavior.
52
Adam Smith
Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that the government should avoid the regulation of the economy in favor of the operation of market forces.
53
Denis Diderot
(1713-1784 AD) A French Enlightenment figure best known for his work on the first encyclopedia.
54
Mary Wollstonecraft
(1759-1797 AD) An Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women.
55
mass consumerism
The spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services below elite levels, along with a growing economic capacity to afford some of these goods. While hints of mass consumerism can be found in several premodern societies, it developed most clearly beginning in western Europe from the 18th century onward.
56
proto-globalization
A term sometimes used to describe the increase of global contacts from the 16th century onward, particularly in trade, while also distinguishing the patterns from the more intense exchanges characteristic of outright globalization.
57
Ferdinand of Aragon
(r. 1479-1516 CE) Monarch of largest Christian kingdom in Iberia; marriage to Isabella of Castile created a united Spain; responsible for the reconquest of Granada and the initiation of exploration of the New World.
58
Isabella of Castile
(1451-1504 CE) Monarch of the largest Christian kingdom in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created a united Spain; responsible for the reconquest of Granada and the initiation of exploration of the New World.
59
Carribean
The first area of Spanish exploration and settlement that served as an experimental region for the nature of Spanish colonial experience; where encomienda system of colonial management was initiated.
60
Hispaniola
The first island in the Carribean settled by the Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on his second voyage to the New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries.
61
encomienda
A grant of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.
62
encomendero
The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay tribute or provide labor and the person responsible for their integration into the church.
63
Bartolomé de Las Casas
(1484-1566 CE) A Dominican friar who supported the peaceful conversion of the Native American populations of Spanish colonies, opposing forced labor and advocating for Indian rights.
64
Hernán Cortés
Led expedition of 600 men to the coast of Mexico in 1519 CE; conquistador responsible for the defeat of the Aztec Empire; captured Tenochitlan.
65
Moctezuma II
(1480-1520 CE) The last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Cortés' conquest of Tenochitlan.
66
Mexico City
Capital of New Spain, built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochitlan.
67
New Spain
A Spanish colonial administrative unit including Central America, Mexico, and the southeast and southwest of the present-day United States.
68
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
(c. 1510-1554 CE) Leader of the Spanish expedition into the northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now the United States in search of mythical cities of gold.
69
Pedro de Valdivia
A Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established the city of Santiago in 1541 CE.
70
mita
Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.
71
Potosí
A mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia) that was the largest of the New World silver mines, porducing 80% of all Peruvian silver.
72
Huancavelica
Location of the greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí.
73
haciendas
Rural estates in Spanish colonies in the New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy.
74
consulado
The merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return.
75
galleons
Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized by Spain for the transport of bullion.
76
Treaty of Tordesillas
Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in the New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain.
77
letrados
University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; judicial core of the Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions.
78
Recopilación
Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in the New World; basis of law in the Indes.
79
Council of the Indes
A body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised the king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World.
80
viceroyalties
Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in the New World, one based in Lima, the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king.
81
viceroys
Senior government officials in Spanish America; ruled as direct representatives of the king over the principle administrative units or viceroyalites; usually high-ranking Spanish nobles with previous military or governmental experience. The Portugese also used viceroys who resided in Goa for their possessions in the Indian Ocean, and then after the mid-17th century for their colony in Brazil.
82
audiencia
Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of the New World; 16 throughout Spanish America; part of the colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates.
83
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
(1651-1695 CE) Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters.
84
Pedro Alvares Cabral
Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 CE and landed in Brazil.
85
captaincies
Strips of land along the Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony.
86
Paulistas
Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals and slaves during the 17th century.
87
Minas Gerais
Region of Brazil located in the mountainous interior where gold strikes were dicovered in 1695 CE; became location of gold rush.
88
Rio de Janeiro
Brazilian port close to the mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763.
89
sociedad de castas
American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at the top, black slaves or Native Americans at the bottom, mixed races in the middle.
90
peninsulares
People living in the New World colonies but born in Spain.
91
Creoles
Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just below peninsulares.
92
amigos del país
Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform.
93
War of the Spanish Succession
Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to the Spanish throne in 1701 CE; ended by the Treaty of Utretch in 1713 CE; resulted in some recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commerical rights to English and French.
94
Charles III
A Spanish Enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its Empire.
95
José de Gálvez
(1720-1787 CE) Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for the local government.
96
Marquis of Pombal
The prime minister of Portugal from 1755-1776 CE; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy.
97
Comunero Revolt
One of the popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Columbia) in 1781 CE; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels.
98
Tupac Amaru II
(1738-1781 CE) Mestizo leader of an Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among the lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution.
99
factories
European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce
100
El Mina
(1482 AD) Most important of the early Portuguese trading factories in the forest zone of Africa.
101
Nzinga Mvemba
(r. 1507-1543 AD) King of the Kongo south of the Zaire River; converted to Christianity, taking the title Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence, attempted to Christianize all of his kingdom.
102
Luanda
Portuguese factory established in the 1520s south of Kongo; became the basis for the Portuguese colony of Angola.
103
Royal African Company
Chartered in the 1660s AD to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among English merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia.
104
Indies piece
A term used within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave.
105
triangular trade
Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried from Africa to America, sugar and tobacco carried to Europe, European products carried to African coast.
106
Asante Empire
Established in the Gold Coast region of Africa among the Akan people around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans were linked under Osei Tutu after 1650 AD.
107
asantehene
Title taken by the ruler of the Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by a golden stool.
108
Osei Tutu
(r. 1675-1717 AD) Member of the Oyoko clan of the Akan peoples in the Gold Coast region of Africa; created the unified Asante Empire in 1701 AD; utilized Western firearms.
109
Dahomey
Kingdom that developed among the Fon or Aja peoples in the 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from the coast; under King Agaja, expanded to control the coastline and the port of Whydah by 1727 AD; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves.
110
Luo
Nilotic people who migrated from the Upper Nile valley; established a dynasty among the existing Bantu peoples in the lake region of central eastern Africa; center at Bunyoro
111
Fulani
Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted the purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804; launched a revolt against the Hausa kingdoms; established a state centered on Sokoto.
112
Great Trek
The movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape the influence of the British colonial government in 1834 AD; led to the settlement of regions north of the Orange River and Natal.
113
mfecane
Wars of the 19th century in southern Africa caused by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa.
114
Swazi
A new African state formed on a model of Zulu chiefdom; survived the mfecane.
115
Middle Passage
(16th to 18th centuries) Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it did not strip Africans of their culture.
116
saltwater slaves
Slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black.
117
Creole slaves
American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation.
118
obeah
African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands.
119
candomblé
African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people.
120
vodun
African religious ideas and practices among the descendants of African slaves in Haiti.
121
Palmares
A kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan.
122
Suriname
Formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America; location of a runaway slave kingdom in the 18th century; able to retain independence despite attempts to crush guerilla resistance.
123
William Wilberforce
British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to the abolition of the English slave trade in 1807 AD.
124
Ivan III
Also known as Ivan the Great; the prince Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols after 1462 AD; took title of tsar or Caesar, the equivalent of emperor.
125
Ivan IV
(1533-1582 AD) Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.
126
Cossacks
Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in the south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements.
127
Time of Troubles
Followed the death of the Russian tsar Ivan IV without an heir early in the 17th century; boyars attempted to use the vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613 AD.
128
Romanov dynasty
The dynasty elected in 1613 AD at the end of the Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917!
129
Alexis Romanov
(1660s AD) Abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new power over the Russian church.
130
Alexei Romanov
(1904-1918) The Russian heir to the throne at the time of the Russian revolution and the youngest member of the royal family at the time of their execution.
131
Old Believers
Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization.
132
Peter I
Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued the growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models.
133
Catherine the Great
A German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after the assassination of her husband; gave the appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained the nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry.
134
Pugachev rebellion
During the 1770s in the reign of Catherine the Great; led by Cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be the legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter.
135
partition of Poland
The division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795 AD; eliminated Poland as an independent state; part of the expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.
136
Ottoman [dynasty or Empire]
A dynasty established beginning in the 13th century by Turkic peoples from central Asia. Though most of their empire's early territory was in Asia Minor, the Ottomans eventually captured Constantinople and made it the capital of an empire that spanned three continents and lasted over 600 years.
137
Safavid dynasty
Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in the Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established a kingdom in the region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722 AD.
138
Mughal Empire
Established by Babur in India in 1526 AD; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after the rule of Aurangzeb in the first decades of the 18th century.
139
Mehmed II
(1432-1481 AD) An Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; reponsible for the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 AD; destroyed what remained of the Byzantine Empire.
140
Janissaries
Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of the Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after the 15th century.
141
vizier
The Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century, often more powerful than sultan.
142
Sail al-Din
An early 14th century Sufi mystic; began a campaign to purify Islam; the first member of the Safavid dynasty.
143
Red Heads
The name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear.
144
Ismâ'il
(1487-1524 AD) A Sufi commander who conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501; the first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor.
145
Chaldiran
The site of the battle between the Safavids and the Ottomans in 1514 AD; the Safavids were severely defeated by the Ottomans; checked the Western advance of the Safavid Empire.
146
Abbas the Great
A Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629 AD; extended the Safavid domain to its greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within the Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.
147
imams
According to Shi'ism, rulers that could trace their descent from the successors of Ali.
148
mullahs
Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of the population to Shi'ism.
149
Isfahan
(1592-1629 AD) The Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture.
150
Nadir Khan Afshar
(1688-1747 AD) A soldier-adventurer following the fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1722 AD; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established a short-lived dynasty in the reduced kingdom.
151
Babur
The founder of the Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led an invasion of India in 1526 AD; died in 1530.
152
Humayan
The son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly thereafter.
153
Akbar
(1542-1605 AD) The son and successor of Humayan; oversaw the building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued a policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create a new religion to bind the Muslim and Hindu populations of India.
154
Din-i-Ilahi
A religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in India, but failed.
155
sati
The practice followed by small minorities, usually upper caste, of burning widows on the funeral pyres of their deceased husbands.
156
purdah
The seclusion of Indian women in their homes.
157
Aurangzeb
A Mughal emperor who succeeded Shah Jahan that was known for his religious zealotry.
158
Taj Mahal
The most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal.
159
Nur Jahan
(1577-1645 AD) The wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created a faction of male relatives who dominated the Mughal Empire during the later years of Jahangir's reign.
160
Mumtaz Mahal
(1593-1631 AD) The wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in the Mughal court; entombed in the Taj Mahal.
161
Marattas
Western Indian peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in the 18th century.
162
Sikhs
A sect in northwest India; early leaders tried to bridge differences between Hindu and Muslim populations, but Mughal persecution led to anti-Muslim feeling.
163
caravel
Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by the Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to the development of the Portuguese trade empire in Asia.
164
Asian sea trading network
Prior to the intervention of Europeans, it consisted of three zones: the Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; the Indian zone based on cotton textiles; the Chinese zone based on paper, porcelain, and silks.
165
mercantilists
Economic thinkers who argued that a ruler's and kingdom's power depended on the amount of precious metals they controlled. This led to an emphasis on using manufactured goods rather than gold and silver in commercial exchanges with other nations or empires.
166
Ormuz
A Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located at the southern end of the Persian Gulf; the site for forcible entry into the Asian sea trade network.
167
Goa
A Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the western Indian coast; a site for forcible entry into the Asian sea trade network.
168
Batavia
A Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java.
169
Dutch trading empire
The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products.
170
Luzon
Northern island of the Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; the site of a major Catholic missionary effort.
171
Mindanao
Southern island of the Philippines; a Muslim kingdom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest.
172
Francis Xavier
A Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in the 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites.
173
Robert di Nobili
(1577-1656 AD) An Italian Jesuit missionary; worked in India during the early 1600s; introduced a strategy to convert elites first; strategy later widely adopted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; mission eventually failed.
174
Hongwu
First Ming emperor in 1368 AD; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored the position of scholar-gentry.
175
Macao
One of two port cities in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty.
176
Canton
One of two port cities in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty.
177
Matteo Ricci
(1552-1610 AD) Along with Adam Schall, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; won a few converts to Christianity.
178
Adam Schall
(1591-1666 AD) Along with Matteo Ricci, Jesuit scholar in the court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; won few converts to Christianity.
179
Chongzen
Last of the Ming emperors; committed suicide in 1644 in the face of a Jurchen capture of the Forbidden City at Beijing.
180
Oda Nobunaga
(1534-1582 AD) Japanese daimyo; first to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed last of the Ashikaga shoguns; unified much of central Honshu under his command.
181
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
General under Nobunaga; succeeded as leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; contructed a series of alliances that made him military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598.
182
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as the most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 AD and established the Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan.
183
Edo
Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate.
184
Deshima
Island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter.
185
School of National Learning
A new ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in the 18th century.
