{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Brainscape", "url": "https://www.brainscape.com/", "logo": "https://www.brainscape.com/pks/images/cms/public-views/shared/Brainscape-logo-c4e172b280b4616f7fda.svg", "sameAs": [ "https://www.facebook.com/Brainscape", "https://x.com/brainscape", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/brainscape", "https://www.instagram.com/brainscape/", "https://www.tiktok.com/@brainscapeu", "https://www.pinterest.com/brainscape/", "https://www.youtube.com/@BrainscapeNY" ], "contactPoint": { "@type": "ContactPoint", "telephone": "(929) 334-4005", "contactType": "customer service", "availableLanguage": ["English"] }, "founder": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Andrew Cohen" }, "description": "Brainscape’s spaced repetition system is proven to DOUBLE learning results! Find, make, and study flashcards online or in our mobile app. Serious learners only.", "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress", "streetAddress": "159 W 25th St, Ste 517", "addressLocality": "New York", "addressRegion": "NY", "postalCode": "10001", "addressCountry": "USA" } }
Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physics Paper 1 > Particles > Flashcards

Particles Flashcards

(94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Alpha decay

A

The process of an unstable nucleus emitting alpha particles to become more stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Annihilation

A

The process of a particle and its antiparticle colliding and being converted into energy. The energy is released in two photons to conserve momentum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antiparticle

A

All particles have a correspond antiparticle with the same mass but opposite charge and conservation numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Baryon number

A

A quantum number that is conserved in all particle interactions. Barton’s have a baryon number of + 1 and non-baryons have a baryon number of 0.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Baryon

A

A class of hadron, that is made up of three quarks. The proton is the only stable baryon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Beta-minus decay

A

The process of a neutron inside a nucleus turning into a proton, and emitting a beta-minus particle (an electron) and an antineutrino

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Beta-plus decay

A

The process of a proton inside a nucleus turning into a neutron, and emitting a beta-plus particle (a positron) and a neutrino

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Electron diffraction

A

The spreading of electrons as the pass though a gap similar to the magnitude of their de Broglie wavelength. It is evidence of the wave-like properties or particles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Electron-volt (eV)

A

The work done to accelerate an electron through a potential difference of 1V. 1eV is equal to the charge of an electron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Energy levels

A

Defined and distinct energies at which electrons can exist in an atom, an electron cannot exist between energy levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Excitation

A

The process of an electron taking exactly the right quantity of energy to move to a higher energy level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gauge boson

A

The exchange particles that transmit the four fundamental interactions between particles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ground state

A

The most stable energy level that an electron can exist in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hadrons

A

A class of subatomic particle that experiences the strong nuclear interaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ionisation

A

The process of an atom losing an orbital electron and becoming charged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Isotopes

A

Same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Isotopic data

A

Data from isotopes that can be used for a purpose, such as carbon dating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Kaon

A

A type of meson that decays into pions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lepton number

A

A quantum number that is conserved in all particle interactions. Both electron lepton numbers and muon lepton numbers must be conserved.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lepton

A

A group of elementary subatomic particles, consisting of electrons, muons and neutrinos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Meson

A

A class of hadrons that is made up of a Quark antiquark pair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neutrino

A

A subatomic martial whose existence was hypothesised to maintain the conservation if energy in beta decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nucleon number (A)

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a given nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nucleon

A

A person or neutron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Pair production
The process of a sufficiently high-energy photon converting into a particle and its corresponding anti particle. To conserve momentum, this usually occurs near a nucleus.
26
Photon
A packet of energy
27
Pion
A type of mean and the exchange particles for the strong nuclear force
28
Positron
A positively charged particle that is the antiparticle of an electron
29
Proton number (Z)
The number of protons present in the nucleus of a given element
30
Stopping potential
The minimum potential different required to stop the highest kinetic energy of electrons from leaving the metal plate in the photoectric effect
31
Strange particles
Particles that are produced through the strong interaction but decay through the weak interaction
32
Strangeness
A quantum number that is conserved I. Strong interactions but not in weak interactions this reflects that strange particles are always produced in pairs
33
Strong nuclear force
A force that acts between nucleons in a nucleus to keep it stable. It is attractive at distances of up to 3 fm and repulsive at separations less than 0.5fm
34
Threshold frequency
The minimum frequency of photons required for photoelectrons to be emitted from the surface rod a metal plate through the photon electric effect
35
Work function
The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a metal surface.
36
What is the main constituent of an atom
Proton Neutron Electron
37
What is ment by specific charge
The charge to mass ratio : Specific charge = charge / mass Units: CKg^-1
38
What is the specific charge of a proton
Protons have charge + 1.6x10^-19 and mass 1.67x10^-27, Specific charge = 1.6x10^-19 / 1.67x10^-27 =9.581×10⁻⁴⁷ 9.58x10^7 CKg^-1
39
What is the letter associated with a proton number
z
40
what is a nucleon
A constituent of the nucleus: a proton or a neutron
41
What letter represent nucleon number
A
42
What is the correct notation A Z Z. X OR. A. X
A Z. X
43
What is an isotope
A version of an element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
44
State a use of radioactive isotopes
Carbon dating - the proportion of carbon-14 in a material can be used to estimate its age
45
What is the strong nuclear force?
The fundamental force that keeps the nucleus stable by counteracting the electrostatic force of repulsion between protons
46
Describe the range of the strong nuclear force
Repulsive up to 0.5 fm Attractive from 0.5 to 3 fm Negligible past 3 fm
47
What makes a nucleus stable
Nuclei which have too many of either protons or neutrons or both
48
How do nuclei with too many nucleons decay
Alpha decay Mason of a helium nucleus formed of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
49
How do nuclei with too many neutrons decay
Beta minus decay in which a neutron decays to a proton by the weak interaction Quark changed from UDD to UUD
50
How was the existence of the neutrino hypothesised
The energy of particles after beta minus decay was lower than before, a particle with 0 charge (to conserve charge) and negligible mass must carry away excess energy, this particle is the neutrino
51
What is meant by beta minus decay
When a neutron turns into a proton, the atom releases an electron and an anti electron neutrino
52
What is an alpha particles
A particle contains two protons and two neutrons, the same as a helium nucleus
53
What is an anti particle
For each particle there is an antiparticle with the same rest energy and mass but all other properties are the opposite of its respective particles
54
True or false ‘Every particle has a antiparticle’
True
55
What is the name of the antiparticle of an electron
Positron
56
What is the antidote article of pi0
It is its own anti particle
57
What occurs when a particle and anti particle meet
Annihilation: The mass of the particle and antiparticle is converted back to energy in the form of 2 gamma ray photons which go in opposite directions to conserve momentum
58
What is pair production
A gamma ray photons is converted into a particle - anti particle pair
59
What is the minimum energy of a photon required to make proton - antiproton pair
2x proton rest energy 2 x 938.257 =1,876.514 1876.514 MeV
60
Name the 4 fundamental forces
Gravity Strong nuclear Weak nuclear Electromagnetic
61
The virtual photon is the exchange particle of which force
Electromagnetic
62
What types of particles are affected by the strong nuclear force
Hadrons
63
What is the exchange particle of the weak nuclear force
The W boson W+ or W-
64
What does the electromagnetic force act on
It acts kn charged objects, for example when a positively charged ball replied another positively charged ball
65
When does the weak nuclear interaction occur
When quark flavour changed (a quark changed into another quark) it affects all types of particles
66
What properties must be conserved in particle interactions
Energy Charge Barton number Lepton number Momentum Strangeness (only in strong interaction)
67
What is the equation for de Brogile Wavelength
Wavelength = Planck constant / momentum
68
What is wave particle duality
All particles have both and wave properties, waves can have particle properties e.g. light acts as a particle in the photoelectric effect and as a wave when it is diffracted
69
What can be used as evidence for the discrete energy levels in atoms
Line emission and absorption spectra as the lives appear at discrete points which show where a light photon of specific frequency and wavelength has been absorbed or emitted, this shows electrons can only absorb an exact amount of energy to be excited to the next discrete energy level
70
How do fluorescent tubes work
-high voltage applied across mercury vapour accelerates fast moving the electrons which collide with the mercury atoms -mercury electrons are excited and then return to the ground state, releasing a UV photon -the tube’s phosphorus coating absorbs the UV photons and its electrons are excited, they cascade down the energy levels and emit visible light photons
71
How do you convert electrons volts to joules (and code versa)?
eV x1.6x10^-19 =J J / 1.6x10^-19 =eV
72
What is an electron volt?
The kinetic energy of an electron that has been accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 1V
73
Define the work function
The energy required by an electron to over come the metallic bond holding it in the metal
74
what is the photoelectric effect
hf = work function + Ek max
75
If light is the incident on a metal and photoelectric emission does NOT occur, what is the effect of increasing light intensity
-if it is more intense then there would be more photons incident on the metal each second -however each photon still carries the same amount of energy as before -therefore its still does not contain enough energy to liberate an electron -no effect
76
If a photon has a frequency higher than the threshold frequency what would occur
The electron will be liberated and the remaining energy is the kinetic energy of the electron
77
Why does a photon need to have a minimum frequency in order to liberate an electron
The energy of the photon is determined by its frequency, the photons energy must be greater than the work function (energy needed to break bonds holding the electron) in order for an electron to be emitted
78
What equation is used to determine the energy of a photon
E=hf = hc/ wavelength
79
What is the threshold frequency
The minimum frequency of light required for an electron to be emitted
80
Describe the photoelectric effect
When light above a particular frequency is shone on metal, electrons are released - these released electrons are “photo electrons”
81
What phenomenon can be used to show that light behaves as a particle
The photo electric effect
82
Are electromagnetic waves transverse or longitudinal
Transverse
83
Complete the Sentence ‘Strange particles are produced through the ______ and decay through the _______.
Strong interaction Weak interaction
84
What is the strangeness value of a strange quark?
-1
85
What does a muon decay into
An electron and two types of neutrino
86
True or false: ‘ strangeness is always conserved in the weak interaction’
False Strangeness is only conserved in the strong interaction, in weak interactions it can change by 0, +1 and -1
87
What are some examples of leptons
-electron -muon -neutrino The antiparticles of above
88
What is significant about a proton?
It is the only stable baryon All baryons will eventually decay into protons
89
Examples of Baryons
Protons - UUD Neutrons - DDU
90
What particle does kaon decay into
A kaon decays into a pion
91
The pion can be exchange particle for which force?
The strong nuclear force
92
Lion and kaon are both examples of which class of particles
Mesons
93
What are the classes of hadrons
-Baryons (three quarks) -mesons (1quark , 1 antiquark
94
What is a hadron
Both baryons and mesons are hadrons, hadrons are made of 2 or more quarks held together by the strong nuclear force

Physics Paper 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions