particles and radiation

Question 1

how do you calculate the relative charge/mass of a sub-atomic particle like a neutron

Answer 1

you divide the absolute mass/charge of said particle by the absolute mass/charge of a proton

Question 2

what is charge measured in

Answer 2

Coulombs (C)

Question 3

what is the nuclide notation for atomic number

Answer 3

Z

Question 4

what is the nuclide notation for atomic mass

Answer 4

A

Question 5

what is the nuclide notation for any element

Answer 5

X

Question 6

what is a nucleon

Answer 6

a particle in the nucleus so the proton and neutron

Question 7

what is a fundamental particle

Answer 7

a particle which can not be split up any further

Question 8

how do you calculate specific charge

Answer 8

charge/mass

Question 9

what is an atom with the same number of protons but different atomic mass called

Answer 9

an isotope

Question 10

what in general causes a nuclei to be unstable

Answer 10

lots of neutrons in a nucleus

Question 11

what is isotopic data

Answer 11

the amount of isotopes in a substance

Question 12

name an example of how isotopic data can be used

Answer 12

calculating the date of biological matter using carbon-14

Question 13

what are the forces inside of a nucleus

Answer 13

EM, gravitational and nuclear

Question 14

How does gravitational force work inside of a nucleus

Answer 14

causes all the nucleons to attract one another due to their mass

Question 15

how does EM forces work inside of a nucleus

Answer 15

causes the protons in the nucleus to repel one another

Question 16

how does the nuclear force work inside of a nucleus

Answer 16

It holds the nucleus together as the EM force is way stronger that the gravitational force meaning there is another force holding the nucleus together; the nuclear force.

Question 17

what is the nucleus’ diameter

Answer 17

1 Fm = 1 x 10^-15

Question 18

what is the diameter of an atom

Answer 18

0.1nm = 1x10^-11 = 1 Angstrom

Question 19

what is the range of nuclear forces for repulsion

Answer 19

0-0.5Fm= (1x10^-15)x0.5

Question 20

what is the range of attraction nuclear forces for attraction

Answer 20

0.5-3Fm

Question 21

what are the 4 types of decay

Answer 21

• alpha decay
• beta+ decay
• beta- decay
• gamma decay

Question 22

why does decay happen (in terms of forces)

Answer 22

There is more of an electromagnetic force than nuclear force.

Question 23

properties of alpha particles

Answer 23

• short range - few cm
• very ionising
• helium nuclei

Question 24

what is ionisation

Answer 24

The process of gaining or losing an electron

Question 25

what happens to the nucleon and proton number during alpha decay

Answer 25

nucleon number decreases by 4 and the proton number decreases by 2

Question 26

what happens in Beta- decay

Answer 26

An electron is released from the nucleus along with aanti electron neutrino

Question 27

what happens to the proton and neutron number during beta- decay

Answer 27

proton number increases and nucleon number stays the same

Question 28

what is a neutrino

Answer 28

a very small particle that has some energy, no charge and almost 0 mass

Question 29

what is an antiparticle

Answer 29

the opposite of a particle pretty much - have the opposite charge if they have charge - have the same mass

Question 30

what is a photon

Answer 30

small packets of energy (energy being in the form of EM radiation

Question 31

what is matter

Answer 31

anything which has a mass and volume

Question 32

what is the equation for energy

Answer 32

E = hf where E is energy h is the planck's constant f is the frequency of light

Question 33

what is 1 ev

Answer 33

an electron volt which is 1.6x10^-19 joules

Question 34

what is the equation for beta+ decay

Answer 34

proton --> neutron + positron + electron neutrino

Question 35

what is pair production

Answer 35

when a photon travel close to the nucleus of an atom causing the energy of the photon to be turned into a particle and its corresponding antiparticle

Question 36

what are the 4 fundamental forces

Answer 36

- weak nuclear - strong nuclear - electromagnetic - gravitons

Question 37

what is the exchange particle for weak nuclear forces and what particles get effected

Answer 37

w-/w+ bosons are the exchange particle for weak nuclear forces and the particle that gets affected is all of em

Question 38

what is the exchange particle for strong nuclear forces and what particles do they effect

Answer 38

pions is the exchange particle while the particle that gets affected is hadrons

Question 39

what is the exchange particle for electromagnetic forces and what particle get affected by it

Answer 39

the exchange particle is virtual photons and the particle that gets affected is any particle with a charge

Question 40

what is the exchange particle for beta - decay

Answer 40

W- bosons

Question 41

what is the exchange particle for beta + decay

Answer 41

W+ Boson

Question 42

What is electron capture

Answer 42

when a proton captures an inner electron turning into a neutron and a electron neutrino

Question 43

what are some examples of weak interactions

Answer 43

Beta- decay, beta + decay, electron capture, annihilation of electron-proton,

Question 44

what is the equation for proton-electron annihilation

Answer 44

p+e--->2 photons

Question 45

What is the classification of particles

Answer 45

particles are split into 2 sub groups: - hadrons - leptons Hadrons are split into 2 sub groups: - muons - baryons

Question 46

what are examples of Leptons

Answer 46

- electrons - muon - neutrinos e.g electron neutrino

Question 47

what are examples of baryons

Answer 47

- protons - neutrons

Question 48

what are examples of mesons

Answer 48

- kaon - pion

Question 49

What are baryons made up of

Answer 49

3 quirks

Question 50

What are mesons made up of

Answer 50

a quirk and an anti quirk