Particles And Waves

Question 1

Standard model

Answer 1

Understanding of the fundamental nature of matter

Question 2

What are the two fundamental matter particle groups

Answer 2

Leptons and Quarks

Question 3

Six leptons

Answer 3

Electron, muon, tau, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino

Question 4

Six quarks

Answer 4

Up, down, strange, charm, top, bottom

Question 5

What is Antimatter

Answer 5

Every fundamental particle has an equivalent antimatter. Same mass but opposite charge

Question 6

What do quarks combine to form

Answer 6

Hadrons

Question 7

Mesons are formed..

Answer 7

When two quarks combine

Question 8

Baryons are formed…

Answer 8

When three quarks combine

Question 9

Four fundamental forces

Answer 9

Gravitational forces
Electromagnetic forces
Weak nuclear forces
Strong nuclear forces

Question 10

Force mediating particle for gravitational force

Answer 10

Graviton

Question 11

Force mediating particle for electromagnetic force

Answer 11

Photon

Question 12

Force mediating particle for weak nuclear charge

Answer 12

W and Z Bosons

Question 13

Weak nuclear forces are associated with…

Answer 13

Beta decay

Question 14

Force mediating particle for strong nuclear force

Answer 14

Gluon

Question 15

What does the strong nuclear forces do?

Answer 15

Holds quarks together to form particles such as protons and neutrons

Question 16

A magnetic field is a ….

Answer 16

Region of space around a pole where another pole will experience a force

Question 17

What can determine the direction of a force

Answer 17

Flemings right hand rule

Question 18

Flemings right hand rule

Answer 18

First finger- field
Second finger- current
Thumb- thrust

Question 19

What happens in particle accelerators

Answer 19

Charged particles are accelerated by electric fields and magnetic fields are used to change their path.

Question 20

Isotopes are…

Answer 20

Atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons in the nucleus

Question 21

3 types of nuclear radiation

Answer 21

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

Question 22

Alpha decay

Answer 22

-4
Br
-2

Question 23

Beta decay

Answer 23

0
Br
-1

Question 24

Gamma decay

Answer 24

0
Br + gamma ray
0

Question 25

What happens in a fusion reaction

Answer 25

Small nuclei are joined together

Question 26

What happens in a fission reaction

Answer 26

Large nucleus is split into smaller nuclei

Question 27

2 types of fission reactions

Answer 27

Spontaneous- randomly Induced- forced, bombarded by a neutron

Question 28

Explain a nuclear fusion reaction (long)

Answer 28

It requires extremely high temperatures to create the plasma in which the reactions take place. This poses difficulties to find a suitable coolant, to extract useful energy from the reaction, and containment, to prevent the high temperatures from melting the container the plasma is in.

Question 29

What is the photoelectric effect evidence of

Answer 29

Light behaving like a particle

Question 30

What is the work function

Answer 30

The minimum amount of energy required for photoemission to occur

Question 31

What is the threshold frequency

Answer 31

The minimum frequency of light that causes photoemmision to occur

Question 32

Wave particle duality is our understanding …

Answer 32

That photons exhibit both wave and particle properties

Question 33

Coherent waves have…

Answer 33

The same: Velocity Wavelength Frequency

Question 34

Constructive interference

Answer 34

Waves meet in phase

Question 35

Destructive interference

Answer 35

Waves arrive out of phase

Question 36

Interference patterns can occur when:

Answer 36

-Waves are produced by two separate coherent sources -waves from a single source pass through a double slit - a direct wave from a source interferes with a reflected wave from a nearby surface

Question 37

What is refraction?

Answer 37

It’s the change in the speed of light as it travels from one medium to another.

Question 38

How is a spectrum produced from a prism?

Answer 38

The refractive index of a material changes slightly with frequency.

Question 39

What happens at small angles of incidence?

Answer 39

Most of the light is refracted away from the normal, but some light is reflected back known as partial internal reflection

Question 40

What is the critical angle

Answer 40

When the angle of refraction is equal to 90’.

Question 41

What is total internal reflection?

Answer 41

Angles above the critical angle, all the light is reflected inside the medium

Question 42

An electron moves to a higher energy level…

Answer 42

When it absorbs the energy of a photon

Question 43

When an electron moves from a higher to lower energy level…

Answer 43

A photon is emitted

Question 44

Continuous spectra are produced…

Answer 44

When energy is supplied to solids, liquids and high pressure gases.

Question 45

Line emission spectra are produced…

Answer 45

When energy is supplied to low pressure gases. Line emissions correspond to the frequencies of the photons emitted when the electron moves down the energy levels

Question 46

Absorption spectra are formed…

Answer 46

When light with a continuous spectrum passes through a low pressure gas. The lines are formed when electrons in the gas absorb photons to move up an energy level.

Question 47

What type of particle is made of a quark/antiquarks pair?

Answer 47

Mesons

Question 48

State what it meant by the term critical angle

Answer 48

The angle of incidence such that the angle of refraction of 90’

Question 49

State two features of the Bohr model of the atom

Answer 49

-Positively charged nucleus -discrete electron energy levels

Question 50

What is the equivalent unit of farads

Answer 50

Coulombs per volt

Question 51

Describe how the apparatus could be used to verify the inverse square law for a point source of light

Answer 51

Obtain values of irradiance for different distances Plot graph of I against 1/d2 Straight line through the origin verifies the inverse square law

Question 52

Describe how a student would use apparatus to determine the internal resistance of the cell

Answer 52

Adjust the variable resistor and take readings of V and I. Plot a graph of V against I. Gradient of graph= -r