partnerships, community safety and crime prevention Flashcards
(24 cards)
How have crime rates changed?
-Crime increased in 60s and 70s
-Replaced rehabilitative ideal and changed to ‘nothing works’ phase
Define what the responsibilitisation strategy is
-Refers to central government seek to act upon crime by acting indirectly
-Based on utilitarian principles
Prevention of crime occurs through 2 elements…
-Ensure that crime doesn’t pay and consequences of committing a crime outweigh advantages
-Each citizen was expected to adopt behaviour which can ensure they protect being victims from crime
What failings in the system have occurred?
-Inability of Humberside Police to identify Huntley’s behaviour pattern sooner due to them viewing each case in isolation
-Records weren’t reviewed or deleted for 10 years
What is MAPPA?
-Multi Agency Public Protection Arrangements
What is it for?
-Led by local police, probation, social services, youth offending teams
-Assess and manage offenders on multi agency basis
-Work together and share info to ensure effective plans are put in place
What are the 4 categories of individuals?
1: Subject to notification requirements under Sexual Offences Act 2003, monitored for 12 months or longer
2: Convicted of violent offences, sentenced up to 12 months or more, now in the community
3: Other dangerous people who have committed in the past and still impose risk
4: Subject to notification requirements under Counter-Terrorism Act 2008, convicted of terrorism for more than 12 months, now in community and at risk for similar activities
What are the 3 levels of management?
-Level 1: Multi-agency support for lower risk individuals
-Level 2: Active multi-agency management with ongoing involvement of different agencies, multiple meetings about individuals
-Level 3: Enhanced multi-agency management looks at more senior people from agencies, need extra resources etc.
Define the risk assessment ‘Dynamic risk’
-Changeable
-Based on factors specific to individuals
-Measured using Offender Assessment System
Define the risk assessment ‘Static risk’
-Actuarial approach
-Linked to elements that already exist and won’t change such as previous convictions
-Measured using Risk Matrix 2000
What is the DBS check?
-Introduced by Bichard Inquiry (2004)
-Manage process of criminal records checks at different levels
What are the 4 levels of this?
1: Basic = ‘unspent’ convictions under Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974
2: Standard = spent and unspent convictions and adult cautions from PNS which haven’t been filtered in line with legislation
3: Enhanced check = shows same as standard check as well as info held by local police relevant to role
4: Enhanced check with barred list check = same as enhances check as well as applicant being on adults’ barred list, children’s barred list or both
What is the multiple conviction rule?
-Been removed
-If an individual has more than one conviction then each will be considered against remaining rues individually rather than automatically being disclosed
What was introduced in 1997?
-UK ‘sex offenders register’ introduced, provide police with names, addresses and other info at annual intervals
What was introduced in 2003?
-Sexual Offences Act 2003, introduced the SOPO, Sexual Offences Prevention Order
What was introduced in 2012?
-Further restrictions added to the 2003 Act
Describe what ‘Sarah’s Law’ is
-Allows parents and carers to formally ask the police to tell them if someone in contact with their child has a record for child sexual offences
Describe what ‘Clare’s Law’ is
-Allows members of public to enquire about someone they are in a relationship with if there is a concern of abuse
How do these compare to Megan’s law?
-Sex offender registry is accessible to general public
-Some states only publish some data, others publish all
-Accompanied by exclusion zones
What are the different barriers to partnerships?
-Reluctance of agencies to participate
-Dominance of policing agenda
-Unwillingness to share info
-Conflicting interests
-Local political differences
-Lack of organisational trust
-Desire to protect budgets
-Lack of expertise
(S) Define desistance
-Individuals stop engaging in criminal behaviour
-Begin to live a crime free life
-Primary = temporary, short term
-Secondary = longer term
-Tertiary = full integration into society
(S) How does desistance differ from rehabilitation and correction?
-Looks more at personal change
-Driven by internal causes
(S)What factors can influence desistance?
-Personal = maturity, identity change, motivation
-Social = relationships, employment, education
-External = rehab programs, mentoring, restorative justice
(S) Does the CJS assist or hinder desistance?
-Has potential to support e.g. rehab, probation etc.
-Typically hinders due to structural and cultural barriers
