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Parts of a Cell Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q
A
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1
Q

A Cell

A

basic unit of life

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2
Q

Cytosol/ Intracellular Fluid / Cytoplasmic Matrix

A

Fluid within the cell

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3
Q

Organelles

A

microscopic structures that carry out function within the cell

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA and regulates protein production

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5
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

fluid outside of cells
- interstitial fluid: tissue fluid

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6
Q

Plasma

A

fluid within blood
contain ions, electrolytes, sugar, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.

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7
Q

Lymph

A

fluid within lymphatic vessels
-carry fatty droplets and immune cells

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8
Q

Plasma Membrane / Plasmalemma

A
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9
Q

Selectively Permeable/ Semipermeable

A

regulates passage of molecules into / out of the cell
glyc

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10
Q

Glycocalyx

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids that coat the plasma membrane from self-recognition, and communication
- has phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterolFlu

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11
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

PM is not static and contains phospholipids w. proteins embedded looks like a mosaic.

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12
Q

Lipids

A

bio(life)molecules that are hydrophobic /non polar
- afraid of water

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13
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

two layers pf phospholipids w/ nonpolar tails directed inwards

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14
Q

phospholipid

A

lipid with a polar head and 2 nonpolar fatty acid tails

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15
Q

Cholesterol

A

helps stabilize the plasma membrane from temperature changesG

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16
Q

Glycolipids

A

phospholipids w. a carbohydrate chain forming the glycocalyx for cell recognition and communication

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17
Q

Protein (PM)

A

biomolecules made from amino acids w/ parts that are polar / hydrophilic and parts that are nonpolar / hydrophobic

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18
Q

Transmembrane / integral proteins

A

proteins embedded within the PM which could be channels or receptors

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19
Q

Channels

A

transports molecules to / from the cell depending on help to make the plasma selectively permeable

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20
Q

Receptors

A

binding site for molecules for signal transduction
communication within the cell; from outside the cell to inside the cell

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21
Q

Enzyme

A

catalyst to increase the rate of reaction
- break molecules quicker

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22
Q

intercellular connection

A

proteins attach to another protein form another cell forming a junction

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23
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

found on the internal or external surface of the plasma membrane which provides communication between proteins and can be enzymes

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24
Glycoprotein
proteins w/ a carbohydrate chain forming the glycocalyx for cell recognition and communication
25
Microvilli
increases surface area of the cell usually for absorption - come off the pm - allows more surface area; to absorb more molecules into the cell - curves up and down to increase the surface area of the cell
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Simple diffusion
allows small, uncharged, fat-soluble molecules to pass through the PM easily from high to low concentration - passive; No atp
27
Facilitated diffusion
larger, charged, water-soluble molecules require integral proteins to transport the, from high to low concentration - channel transmembrane protein
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Osmosis is
the diffusion of water from highwater concentration to low water concentration
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Active transport
requires energy and moves from low to high concentration - uses atp breaks into inorganic phosphate (ADP + Pi)
30
Endocytosis
large particles that can enter the cell by invagination of the PM forming a vesicle
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Pinocytosis
cell drinking; pinching in fluid ie absorption in the intestine
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Phagocytosis is
a cell eating; forming pseudopods around the particle and enclosing on it ie; certain leukocytes to protect against pathogens; leukocytes take in bacteria or biruses in through phagocytosis
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Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
very specific in takin certain molecules within the cell by binding to the receptor
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Exocytosis is
how materials move out of the cell, using vesicles to fuse w. the PM expellin its contents
35
Cytoplasm
region that contains all materials between nucleus and PM
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Inclusions
temp. structure that stores cellular products, usually vesicles - Triglycerides & Glycogen are energy nutrient storage used to break it down and make atp
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Triglycerides
type of lipid; like fat that are stored in adipocytes
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Glycogen
type of carbohydrate that is stored in liver and skeletal muscle cells to change glucose
39
Melanin
pigment found in skin, hair, eyes to protect the DNA within the nucleus form UV rays (the sun)
40
Organelles
microscopic structures that carry out function within cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
intracellular membrane network
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
continuous w. nuclear envelope and contains fixed ribosomes to synthesize protein to be: - embedded in the PM - digestive enzymes in lysosomes - exported out of the cell (exocytosis)
43
Cisternae
interconnected channels that modify proteins and buds off RER as transport vesicles
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
lack ribosomes and is continuous w. RER - synthesize, transport and stores lipids - detoxifies alcohol and drugs - stores calcium for muscle contraction
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Golgi Apparatus / Complex
modifies, packages and sorts of proteins from RER - forms lysosomes
46
Lysosomes
organelles formed by the Golgi app that contain enzymes from RER to digest waste products, macromolecules to smaller molecules and old organelles to
47
Peroxisomes
membrane enclosed sacs that are typically smaller than lysosomes, formed from the RER - uses oxygen to detoxify harmful substances -contains catalase which makes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen - detoxify alcohol and drugs
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Mitochondria
organlle w. a copule membrane to produce ATP; contains its own circular DNA meaning it can produce its own proteins and replicate itself
49
Outer Membrane / Intermembrane Space
space between the membrane
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Inner membrane Space
contains many proteins that undergo process to form ATP
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Cristae
folds of the inner membrane to increase surface area
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Matrix (Mitochondria
fluid filled with space within the inner membrane
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Ribosomes
made of granules of protein and rRNA and is synthesized by the nucleolus to synthesize proteins - makes proteins
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Free Ribosomes
within cytosol that synthesizes protein by translation that are within the cell
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Fixed Ribosomes
are bound on RER to synthesize protein by translation that will be -- - embedded in the PM - become enzymes of lysosomes - exported out of the cell
56
Cytoskeleton
made of protein subunits and organized into filaments or tubes for cellular support, organization, and transport of material within cell
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Microfilament
smallest cytoskeleton subunits made of actin to maintain cell shape, muscle contraction, and separation of cells during mitosis and meiosis
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Intermediate Filaments
medium sized protein made of keratin to resist stress and stabilize junctions between cells
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Microtubules
thickest cytoskeletal subunits made of tubulin holds organelles in place, maintain cell shape, and transport material within cells - forms cilia and flagella and mitotic spindles from centrosome
60
Centrosome
spherical structure that produces microtubules
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Centrioles
two centrioles perpendicular to each other made of nine sets of three microtubules
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Cilia
Hair-like extension made of microtubules - motile: propels objects
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motile:
propels objects in one direction
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Flagellum
Microtubules that are longer than cilia and found only in males sperm to propel sperm
65
Nucleus
control center of cell and contains DNA - chromatinChr
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Chromatin
decondensed DNA
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Nuclear Envelope
double membrane continuous to cytoplasm
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Nuclear Pores
regulated passagewaus to/from nucleus to cytoplasm
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Nucleolus
where ribosomal subunits are formed and shipped out of nucleus to form into ribosomes
70
Deoxyrose Nucleic Acid (DNA)
biomolecules that contain genetic material of the cell - chromatin; decondensed form of DNA
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Chromosomes
condensed DNA and forms during mitosis/meiosis humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
72
Sister Chromatids
duplicated chromosomes
73
Centromere
proteins that join sister chromatids together
74
Meiosis
cell division that produces gametes - sex cells, sperm, and egg - gets divided once then a secon time cells contain 23 chromos each -
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Mitosis
one somatic body cell produces two identical daughter cells - 46 chromos
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Cell Cycle
interphase mitosis/mitotic M phase
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interphase
cell maintains normal metabolic activities and prepares for cell division
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G1 Phase Gap 1
cells cont to grow and produces new organelles and prepares for DNA replication - will halt DNA if DNA is damage
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G0 phase G-zerp
cells that do not underfo cell cycles mostly neuronsS
78
S Phase
Synthesis Dna Replication
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G2 Phase Gap 2
repairs DNA errors and prepares for cell division - centriole replication complete
80
Prophase
chromatic condenses into chromosomes (2 sister chromatids joined by centromere) - Nucleus dissapears - Nucleus dissipates - centrioles moce to poles by spindle fibers - extend from centrioles
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Metaphase
chromosomes line at metaphase equatopal plate spindel fibers attach at centromeresp
82
Anaphase
spindle fibers attached to the centromere start to pull and split the centromeres splitting the siter chromatids becoming daughter chromosomes that go to opposin poles cytokenesis beigns at the end of anaphase forming cleavage furrow
83

Anatomy (3 decks)

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