Parts of the cell Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Which is the MOST abundant macromolecule in the cell?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic Acids
A
C
2
Q
Which is a function of the integral membrane proteins of the plasma membrane?
A. Surface coat for cell to cell recognition
B. Permeability to lipid soluble substances
C. Flexibility
D. Transport of substances
A
D
3
Q
Which cellular structure is double-membraned?
A. Cell membrane
B. Mitochondrion
C. Golgi complex
D. Lysosomes
A
B
4
Q
Which is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A. Oxidation of long-chain fatty acids
B. Digestion of senescent cellular organelles
C. Detoxification of alcohol, drugs and toxins
D. Synthesis of proteins for internal use
A
C
5
Q
Which enzymes are found in lysosomes?
A. Peroxidases
B. Oxidases
C. Catalases
D. Hydrolases
A
D
6
Q
Which structure arises from the centrioles?
A. Cilia
B. Microvilli
C. Stereocilia
D. Glycocalyx
A
A
7
Q
Which inclusions are abundant in steroid hormone-secreting cells?
A. Glycogen granules
B. Lipid droplets
C. Lipofuscin granules
D. Charcot crystals
A
B
8
Q
Which cytoskeletal element, when identified, can help in the diagnosis of an undifferentiated tumor?
A. Actin filament
B. Myosin filament
C. Microtubules
D. Intermediate filament
A
D
9
Q
Which organelle is believed to initiate apoptosis?
A. Lysosome
B. Peroxisome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Centriole
A
C
10
Q
Which organelle is likely to be defective in a patient with myopathy?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Glycogen granules
C. Golgi complex
D. Mitochondria
A
D
11
Q
What is the dye routinely used for light miscroscopy?
A
H&E (Hematoxylyn & eosin)
12
Q
What color is eosin?
A
Red/pink
13
Q
What color is hematoxylyn?
A
Blue
14
Q
Hematoxylin stains which kind of structures?
A
Acidic
15
Q
Eosin stains which kind of structures?
A
Basic
16
Q
An organelle with predominant carboxylic protein component stains which color?
A
Blue
17
Q
Nucleic acids stain which color?
A
Blue
18
Q
An organelle with predominant amino protein component stains which color?
A
Red/pink
19
Q
Which macromolecules are not stained by H&E?
A
Fats and carbohydrates
20
Q
What is the first step in tissue preparation?
A
Fixation, immersing the specimens in fixatives
21
Q
Formalin is how many percent formaldehyde?
A
37%
22
Q
What fixative is usually used for H&E preparation?
A
Formalin
23
Q
After fixation, the specimen is paced in a solid medium for sectioning. This step is called what?
A
Embedding
24
Q
How are specimens dehydrated for embedding during tissue preparation?
A
They are immersed in 70-100% alcohol graded series to remove the water
25
After dehydration, what is done to the specimen during tissue preparation?
Clearing, it is bathed in solvent miscible to alcohol to remove the alcohol
26
After clearing, what is done to the specimen during tissue preparation?
It is placed in paraffin for light microscope use
27
Which structure is usually used to estimate the size of other structures in histological specimens?
RBC
28
What is the estimated size of RBCs?
7.74 micrometers
29
Mitochondria is abundant in tissues with high metabolism. T/F
T
30
Mitochondria is stained which color in H&E preparations?
Pink
It is a basic structure
31
Where in the mitochondria is the intermembrane space?
Between the inner and outer membranes
32
What are cristae?
Fold of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
33
The small circular DNA of the mitochondria is located in where?
Mitochondrial matrix
34
Which part of the Golgi apparatus is its concave side: Cis or trans?
Trans
35
Which part of the Golgi apparatus is its convex part: cis or trans?
Cis
36
The cis part of the Golgi apparatus is where vesicles leave the cell. T/F
F
It is the part that receives transport vesicles
37
SER is stained which color in H&E preparation?
Pink
38
Which organelle stores Ca ions?
SER
39
Which organelle secretes lipids?
SER
40
RER s stained which color in H&E preparation?
Blue
41
Which organelle secretes proteins?
RER
42
Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes?
Lysozome
43
Which organelle contains oxidative enzymes?
Perixosomes
44
Ribosomes in the RER secrete proteins for what while those in the cytoplasm secrete them for what?
RER - for membrane synthesis
| cytoplasm - for cystosol
45
Which subunits constitute a ribosome?
Small and large subunits
46
Which organelles are attacked by antibiotics?
Ribosomes
47
The "wear and tear" pigment
Lipofuscin
48
Which structures form the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, actin (micro) filaments, intermediate filaments
49
Which molecules make up microtubules?
Dimeric tubulin molecules: alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin
50
Which component of the cytoskeleton grow from y-tubulin rings?
Microtubules
51
Which cytoskeletal component is involved in intracellular vesicular transport?
Microtubules
52
Which cytoskeletal component composes cilia and flagella?
MIcrotubules
53
Which cytoskeletal component is involved in elongation and movement of cells?
Microtubules
54
Which cytoskeletal component is involved in maintenance of cell shape?
Microtubules
55
Which motor proteins are associated with microtubules?
Dyneins and kinesins
56
Which dyenin is present in cillia and flagella?
Axonemal dynein
57
To which direction does dynein move microtubules?
To the minus end of the tubule
58
To which direction does kinesin move microtubules?
To the plus end of the tubule
59
Which motor protein moves the microtubule towards the tubule's minus end?
Dynein
60
Which motor protein moves the microtubule towards the tubule's plus end?
Kinesin
61
Which motor protein assists microtubules in moving organelles from cell periphery to MTOC?
Dyenein
62
Which motor protein assists microtubules in moving organelles from cell center toward cell periphery?
Kinesin
63
Which actin molecules constitute microfilaments?
G-actin and F-actin
64
Which motor proteins are associated with actin?
Myosin
65
Which cytosekeletal component constitute the structural core of microvilli?
Actin /micro filament
66
Which cytoskeletal component anchor and move membrane protein?
Actin /micro filament
67
Which cytoskeletal component is responsible for locomotion?
Actin /micro filament
68
Which cytoskeletal component is responsible for extension of cell processes?
Actin /micro filament
69
Which cytoskeletal component has heterogeneous components?
Intermediate filaments
70
The iron-storage complex found within the cytoplams of many cells
```
A. Lupofuscin
B. Glycogen
C. Hemosiderin
D. Lipid inclusions
E. Crystalline inclusions
```
C
71
What organelle/s is/are responsible for basophilia in the cytoplasm in protein secreting cells?
A. lysosomes
B. ribosomes
C. smooth ER
D. centrioles
B
72
What structure/s is/are richly found in phagocytic cells?
A. nucleoli
B. rough ER
C. smooth ER
D. lysosomes
D
73
What cytoskeletal elements are responsible for keeping the microvilli upright and rigid?
A. microtubules
B. actin filaments
C. keratin filaments
D. vimentin filaments
B
74
What component of the cell membrane is responsible for its fluidity?
A. phospholipid bilayer
B. integral proteins
C. glycocalyx
D. peripheral proteins
A
75
Which cytoplasmic inclusion is abundant in long-
lived aged cells?
A. glycogen granules
B. melanin granules
C. lipofuscin granules
D. lipid droplets
C
76
Two types of chromatin
Euchromatin and heterochromatin
77
Which molecule signals apoptosis?
A. Phosophatidyloserine
B. Desmosine
C. Isodesmosine
D. Lipofuscin
A
78
Which chromatin stains lightly in H&E?
Euchromatin
79
Why does euchromatin stain lightly while heterochromatin stains basophilic in H&E?
Because euchromatin is actively dividing while heterochromatin is at rest.
80
Which chromatin stains basophilic in H&E?
Heterochromatin
81
Euchromatin is numerous in lymphocyte nucleus. T/F
F
It is numerous in nerve and liver cell nucleus. Heterochromatin is numerous in lymphocyte nucleus.
82
Heterochromatin is numerous in nerve and liver cell nucleus. T/F
F
It is numerous in lymphocyte nucleus. Euchromatin numerous in nerve and liver cell nucleus.
83
Condensed chromatin
Heterochromatin
84
Extended chromatin
Euchromatin
85
DNA molecule and histone protein make up what unit?
Nucleosome
86
What unit do ribosome and one mRNA make up?
Polysome
87
What makes up a nucleosome?
DNA molecule and histone protein
88
What are ergastoplasm?
Dark basophilic stain in cells which represent an abundance of RER
89
The nuclear pore is composed of how many coaxial rings?
2
90
The nuclear lamina is made up of which cytoskeletal component?
Intermediate filaments
91
The nuclear lamina consists of which protein?
A. Lamins
B. Elastin
C. Fibronectin
A
92
Which organelle oxidizes long chain fatty acids?
Peroxisomes
93
Intermediate filaments of epithelial cells are made up of which protein?
Keratins
94
Intermediate filaments of muscle cells are made up of which protein?
Desmin
95
Intermediate filaments of connective tissue are made up of which protein?
Vimetin
96
Intermediate filaments of nerve cells are made up of which protein?
Neurofilaments
97
From which type of filament-motor protein combination are cilia and flagella built?
A. Actin and myosin filaments
B. Microtubules and dyneins
C. Intermediate and motor proteins
D. Accessory proteins and kinesins
B
98
What is the process where a filament assembles at one end while simultaneously disassembling at the other end called?
A. Dynamic instability
B. Nucleation
C. Treadmilling
D. Polymerization
C
99
Which of the following factors is/are the strength with adaptability” characteristic of the cytoskeleton attributed?
A. Being built out of multiple protein
B. A large number of weak noncovalent
C. Neither A nor B
D. Both A and B
D
100
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?
A. Pulls chromosomes apart in mitosis
B. Ferries materials between neighbor cells
C. Guides traffic of cellular organelles
D. None of the above
D
101
Which type of motor protein contributes to the anterograde axonal transport?
A. Dynein
B. Kinesin
C. Neurofilaments
D. Myosin
B
102
Cell crawling is a closely coordinated activity that is dependent on which type of filament?
A. Actin
B. Microtubule
C. Intermediate
D. Motor proteins
A
103
In Kartagener’s syndrome, frequent respiratory infections and infertility are due to a defect in which ciliary structure?
a. Dynein
b. Kinesin
c. Tubulin
d. Actin
a
104
In which event does the glycocalyx play a role?
a. Digestion of some nutrients
b. Organogenesis
c. Blood group incompatibility
d. Active transport of glucose
c
105
A concentrated aqueous gel consisting of molecules of different sizes and shapes, found in the cytoplasm [Identify]
Cytoplasmic matrix
106
Cytoplasmic or nuclear structures with characteristic staining properties that are formed from the metabolic products of the cell [Identify]
Inclusions
107
The non-living and non-moving components of the cytoplasm [Identify]
Inclusions
108
Known as the "wear and tear pigment" [Identify]
Lipofuscin
109
What cell processes results in increase of lipofuscin granules?
Oxidative degeneration of the mitochindria, lysosomal digestion
110
Lipid droplets are most numerous in which types of cells?
Adipocytes
111
Glucose storage in cells
Glycogen
112
Glycogen granules are found most numerous in which cells?
Liver, striated muscles
113
What is the function of lipid droplets?
Energy source
114
Hemosiderin is found most numerous in which cells?
Spleen
115
Lipofuscin is found most numerous in which cells?
Aging cells
116
Ribosomes are membranous organelles. True or false?
False.
117
Lipid droplets can be seen in light microscope using H&E staining. True or false? If false, explain.
False.
H&E staining does not preserve lipids. What can be seen are the round spaces lipids used to occupy in cells.
118
Carbohydrates, proteins, RNA, and intermediate metabolites are organic molecules found in cells. True or false? If false, explain.
False.
They are inorganic moleculse
119
Sodium ions, calcium ions, and potassium ions are organic molecules found in cells. True or false? If false, explain.
True.
120
Inorganic molecules and organic molecules are inclusions in the cytoplasm.
False.
They are components of the cytoplasmic matrix.
121
Lipofuscin, hemosiderin, glycogen granules are organelles.
False.
They are inclusions.
122
Microtubules, microfilaments, and centrioles are non-membranous organelles.
True.
123
Also known as "ground substance" or "cytosol" [Identify]
Cytoplasmic matrix
124
The cell compartment found outside the nucleus, but within the cell [Identify]
Cytoplasm
