Parts of the Cell Notes(All After Lysosomes)

Question 1

What is a lysosome?

Answer 1

A special vesicle which is formed by the golgi apparatus

Question 2

What is something lysosomes contain?

Answer 2

They contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes

Question 3

What are some functions of lysosomes?

Answer 3

cellular digestion – e.g. bacteria or viruses
• Digestion or disposal of damaged cell components like mitochondria (to recycle organic molecules
• breakdown of a whole cell (by releasing their contents into the cell cytoplasm) when the cell dies; valuable cells parts are recycled; more room for other cells to grow or new cells to form. E.g. RED BLOOD CELLS only live 90-120 days.

Question 4

Lysosomes are known to contain over ___ different enzymes that can digest almost anything in the cell, including proteins, RNA, DNA, and carbohydrates.

Answer 4

40

Question 5

What two digestive processes do lysosomes involve themselves in and appear?

Answer 5

Phagocytosis—-}”cell eating”

Pinocytosis——-}”cell drinking”

Question 6

What do lysosomes help destroy?

Answer 6

Invading bacteria

Question 7

What is mitochondria surrounded by?

Answer 7

A double-layered membrane

Question 8

How many membranes does the mitochondria have?

Answer 8

2; an inner and outer

Question 9

What does the inner layer membrane of the mitochondria look like?

Answer 9

The inner layer is convoluted into shelf-like folds called cristae

Question 10

Where is the ATP produced in the mitochondria?

Answer 10

The enzymes responsible for cellular respiration are arranged in assembly-line fashion, on the cristae, which is where the ATP is produced

Question 11

What is the cytoplasm with the mitochondria called?

Answer 11

Matrix

Question 12

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 12

Cellular respiration; it converts glucose into Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP, which is the cell’s primary energy molecule

Question 13

Where are plastids found?

Answer 13

Plant cells only

Question 14

What are plastids?

Answer 14

Membrane-bound structures that usually contain pigments and give plant cells their colours

Question 15

Diff. between chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts(starch storage)?

Answer 15

Chloroplasts and Chromoplasts have colour, and leucoplasts are colourless

Question 16

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 16

These are the double-membrane bound organelles in which photosynthesis(the conversion of light energy to carbohydrates) occurs.

Question 17

What is chlorophyll?

Answer 17

Chlorophyll is the chemical that absorbs the energy of the sun is i provide the energy required for reducing CO2 to glucose

Question 18

Inside the chloroplast are membranous stacks of _____ where the chlorophyll is located. Each coin is called a _____

Answer 18

Grana

Thylokoid

Question 19

The _____, where carbohydrates are produced, is the cytoplasm within chloroplasts

Answer 19

Stroma

Question 20

Centrioles are only in ____ cells

Answer 20

Animal

Question 21

What are centrioles?

Answer 21

They are two cylindrical bodies, located near the nucleus

Question 22

How do Centrioles show up?

Answer 22

Show up in pairs, at right angles to each other

Question 23

What does the centrioles look like?

Answer 23

Short cylinders with a circular pattern of microtubular triplets?

Question 24

Each animal cell has ____ pair of centrioles lying at right angles to each other next to the nucleus

Answer 24

One

Question 25

Functions of Centrioles?

Answer 25

Gives rise to basal bodies, assist in the formation of the spindle apparatus in cell division

Question 26

What do basal bodies do?

Answer 26

Basal bodies direct the formation of cilia and flagella

Question 27

What are Cytoskeletons?

Answer 27

The network of filamentous proteins structures within the cell

Question 28

What does the cytoskeleton aid with?

Answer 28

It helps to maintain shape, anchor organelles, or help the organelles move as necessary

Question 29

What are the primary constituents of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 29

Microtubules and actin filaments

Question 30

What are microtubules?

Answer 30

Hollow, cylinder aggregates of tube-like structure that help give the cell shape and form; also involved in other cell processes

Question 31

What are microtubules made up of?

Answer 31

It is made up of 13 rows of tubulin proteins arranged to form a hollow tube(in a helical shape)

Question 32

Microtubules functions

Answer 32

Moves material within the cell, cell movement, cytoskeleton structure serves in moving materials within the cell (serve as a “track” for the vesicles to move along), cell movement (e.g. amoebas or phagocytosis in WBC), cytoskeleton structure

Question 33

What are microfilaments?

Answer 33

Long, thin, contractile rods that appear responsible for the movement of cells (both external and internal movement)

Question 34

What are microfilaments made up of?

Answer 34

Actin or myosin proteins, proteins responsible for muscle contractions. made up of double filaments arranged in a helical pattern, with each filament consisting of a numerous globular proteins joined together

Question 35

Microfilament functions:

Answer 35

serve in anchoring organelles and moving them within the cell; cell movement; cytoskeleton structure.

Question 36

What are Cilia?

Answer 36

Short, hair-like projections. It consisted of membrane-bound cylinder, with a 9+2 arrangement of micro tubules

Question 37

Cilia functions

Answer 37

They function in cell movement

Question 38

Cilia are _____ than flagella

Answer 38

shorter

Question 39

Movement of Cilia

Answer 39

Beat stiffly( like oars), in one direction

Question 40

Movement of Flagella

Answer 40

beat in undulating whip-like fashion