past exam questions

Question 1

Name 2 monocot plants

Answer 1

Narcissus pseudonarcissus (daffodil)
Tulipa (tulip)

Question 2

Name 2 dicot plants

Answer 2

Alchemilla mollis
Viola odorata
Pelargonium (geranium)

Question 3

One difference between monocot and dicot flowers

Answer 3

monocot: flowers multiples of 3, and have tepals
dicot: flowers multiples of 4 or 5, have distinct petals and sepals

Question 4

One difference between monocot and dicot leaves

Answer 4

monocot leaves: smooth margins, blade like, paralell
venation, no petiole, stomata on both surfaces

dicots: range of margins-serrate/wavy

numerous shapes: palmate, ovate, broadleaved

various venation-reticulate veins
have petioles
more stomata on underside

Question 5

differences between monocot and dicot roots are?

Answer 5

Monocots: fibrous root system thats adventitious (polyarch) = many arms.
scattered vascular bundles

Dicots: central tap root from radicle of seed with laterals branching out.
star shaped vascular bundles, ringed around cambium
No pith

Question 6

what is osmosis?

Answer 6

movement of water from high to a low water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 7

what is diffusion?

Answer 7

movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to a low concentration

EG: loss of water vapour from leaves in transpiration

Question 8

four functions of water in a plant are:

Answer 8

essential for triggering germination
used in photosynthesis
supports herbaceous plants
controls opening/closing of stomata

Question 9

differences between woody and herbaceous stems are

Answer 9

woody stems undergo secondary thickening
woody stems develop bark (cork cambium)

herbaceous stems retain an epidermis

herbaceous stems have xylem and phloem arranged in a ring of vascular bundles

Question 10

Name a woody plant

Answer 10

Quercus robur (common oak)
or Betula pendula (silver Birch)

Question 11

Name a herbaceous plant

Answer 11

Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)

Question 12

what is the term described for the storage of starch over winter for new plant growth in the spring?

Answer 12

perennation

Question 13

name some plant adaptions for the storage of starch

Answer 13

bulb (has swollen leaf scales)
corm (a stem)
swollen tap root (a root)
rhizome (a stem)
Tuber

Question 14

named example for a bulb

Answer 14

Narcissus pseud-on-arc-issus

Question 15

named example of a corm

Answer 15

crocus tommas-in-ianus

Question 16

named example of a swollen tap root

Answer 16

carrot (daucus carota)

Question 17

named example of a rhizome (stem)

Answer 17

Iris lae-vigata

Question 18

named example of a tuber that is a ROOT

Answer 18

Dahlia “Bishop of Llandaff”

Question 19

named example of a tuber that is a STEM

Answer 19

potato (solanum tuberosum)

Question 20

where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell?

Answer 20

chloroplast

Question 21

state the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis

Answer 21

it absorbs the light of red/blue wavelengths which is used in photosynthesis

Question 22

describe how availability of mineral nutrients affect the rate of photosynthesis

Answer 22

lack of nutrients reduces the rate of process and causes chlorosis.

too high amount still reduces rate due to plasmolysis of cells

Question 23

describe how temperature affects rate of photosynthesis

Answer 23

if optimum temp (15-35’c) rate is increased.

wilting at a high temp reduces rate as less light intercepted.
Stomata close at high temp to reduce water loss
Stomata close at high temp so carbon dioxide not taken in therefore photosynthesis doesn’t take place

Question 24

what is the difference between a fruit and a seed?

Answer 24

a seed is an ovule
a fruit is the ovary

the seed contains the embryo
the fruit contains the seed

Question 25

describe two mechanisms by which seeds are dispersed by wind

Answer 25

``` blade/wing: "helicopter" action parachutes that are feathery censer mechanisms (wind shakes pedicle) ```

Question 26

plant name of a blade/wing seed that is dispersed

Answer 26

Acer palmatum- it spins like a helicopter

Question 27

plant name of a parachute seed that is dispersed

Answer 27

``` Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) feathery parachutes with light seeds ```

Question 28

plant name of a censer seed that is dispersed

Answer 28

Papaver (poppy) | wind shakes the pedicle and seeds are dispersed through pores in the fruit.

Question 29

name two seeds dispersal's other than wind

Answer 29

animal attachment-sticks to them eg: goosegarth birds eat seeds(ingestion) sunflowers hoarding-squirrels and nuts water-lily (Nymphae) or a coconut self-explosive mechanisms- geraniums aka Pelargoniums

Question 30

what is meant by the term plant tissue?

Answer 30

a group of cells performing a specific function

Question 31

two characteristics of the epidermis are?

Answer 31

transparent no chloroplasts waxy cuticle can have guard cells, hairs or root hairs

Question 32

two functions of epidermis are?

Answer 32

prevent loss of water and gas through stomata protection from pest/disease/physical damage defence-stinging hairs increase in water up-take (root hairs)

Question 33

characteristics of parenchyma are?

Answer 33

made up of rounded cells air spaces between them, thin cell walls and large vacuoles

Question 34

functions of parenchyma are?

Answer 34

a packing tissue. support plant through turgor starch storage, photosynthesis or buoyancy in aquatic plants

Question 35

if drawing a monocotyledonous plant, what would the key feature be to distinguish it from a dicto plant?

Answer 35

it would have no sepals, only tepals which are indistinguishable from the petals. eg: Tulipa

Question 36

what are the main components of a monocotyledonous flower?

Answer 36

``` tepals anther filament stigma style ovule ovary receptacle pedicle nectary ```

Question 37

what is the function of the tepal?

Answer 37

attract pollinators and protect internal structures

Question 38

what is the function of the stigma?

Answer 38

receives pollen

Question 39

what does the style do?

Answer 39

holds the stigma in the best position to receive pollen

Question 40

what does the ovary contain and what does it become after fertilisation?

Answer 40

contains ovules, and becomes the fruit

Question 41

what does the ovule contain?

Answer 41

the female gamete (ovum) | and embryo after fertilisation-it becomes the seed

Question 42

what does the anther contain?

Answer 42

pollen (male gamete)

Question 43

what is the filaments purpose?

Answer 43

to hold the anther in it's best position for pollen dispersal

Question 44

what is the role of the receptacle?

Answer 44

attach the flower parts

Question 45

what does the pedicle do?

Answer 45

(it's the stem) holds the flower in position for pollination and seed dispersal.

Question 46

what is the purpose of the nectaries?

Answer 46

produce nectar to attract pollinators into the flower.

Question 47

state using words, the basic equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 47

oxygen and glucose combine to form carbon dioxide, water and energy

Question 48

how does the rate of aerobic respiration affect the length of time that the seeds can be stored?

Answer 48

increasing the rate of respiration decreases the length of time that seeds can be stored

Question 49

what are the environmental factors that can be controlled to extend the length of time seeds can be stored

Answer 49

temperature: reducing temps reduces respiration rate reduce oxygen or carbon dioxide levels available reduce humidity

Question 50

what is the best temp for storing seeds and to slow down respiration?

Answer 50

5'c in the fridge

Question 51

where should seeds be stored to reduce respiration rate?

Answer 51

in vacuum sealed packages or sealed containers

Question 52

what can you add to seed storage containers to decrease respiration rate?

Answer 52

carbon dioxide or nitrogen

Question 53

what are the best storage options for seeds?

Answer 53

dry atmosphere-not humid. dry seeds out first, and put in sealed containers with silica gel UNLESS ITS AN ORTHODOX SEED-need higher moisture content

Question 54

what it the difference between a tap root and a lateral root?

Answer 54

tap root is single root that arise from the radicle. lateral roots branch out from tap root and are secondary roots from pericycle

Question 55

root features: what is the zone of differentiation?

Answer 55

cells become their final forms and specialised | eg; xylem, root hairs, epidermis

Question 56

what is the pericycle?

Answer 56

outer layer of steele becomes meristematic and produces lateral roots xylem and phloem surround it

Question 57

what are the root hairs and what do they do?

Answer 57

single, long epidermal cells. | increase surface area of water/mineral uptake

Question 58

what is the root cap?

Answer 58

covers root tip/apex protects root tip as grows through soil produces lubricant to aid passage through soil as cells constntly worm away and replaces part of epidermis site of roots' gravity sensing mechanism