Past paper Feb 2020

Question 1

what is meant by physical control of pests

Answer 1

removal of pest, or preventing pest from reaching the plant

Question 2

examples of physical control of pest are x 5;

Answer 2

placing fine mesh netting over brassicas
copper tape/grit/eggshells/slug pubs
hand picking
rubbing off aphids
rabbit fencing

Question 3

how can you physically control slugs?

Answer 3

put copper tape around pots/edges of greenhouse

put down grit/eggshells

use slug pubs to prevent them accessing plants

Question 4

what do you do if you hand pick pests off plants?

Answer 4

pick them off and place in a bucket of water

Question 5

how do you physically remove aphids?

Answer 5

rub them off and rub between the finger and thumb

or use a strong jet of water

Question 6

how do you stop rabbits accessing crops?

Answer 6

install rabbit fencing

Question 7

what are two symptoms of damage to plants caused by rabbits?

Answer 7

young herbaceous shoots can be grazed to ground

foliage and shoots of woody plants can be grazed up to a height of 50cm by rabbits standing on their hind legs

Bark can be gnawed away from the base of tree trunks in winter when there is less food available which kills the tree if ringbarked

holes and scrapes can be created in lawns and flowerbeds which can kill plants if they are uprooted and lawns can become uneven with bare patches if soil is left on the surface

Question 8

describe some methods used to control rabbits

Answer 8

fencing
tree guards
repellent
shooting
traps
ferreting

Question 9

describe rabbit fencing

Answer 9

the bottom is buried 30cm below ground level, with the lower 15cm bent outwards to prevent them from tunneling underneath

Question 10

how are tree guards used to protect them from rabbits?

Answer 10

plastic or biodegradable guards/spirals or wire netting used to protect trunks of young trees

Question 11

how does a repellent work for rabbits?

Answer 11

spray on plants.

Contains aluminium ammonium sulphate which has a bitter taste and deters them from eating plants.

Question 12

if you are to shoot rabbits what must you have?

Answer 12

licensed gun and ensure public safety

Question 13

describe a rabbit trap

Answer 13

used to catch or kill

check regularly to ensure humane control

Question 14

describe ferreting

Answer 14

drives rabbits out the burrow into nest placed over entrance of tunnel

Question 15

Name a resistant plant for potato blight

Answer 15

Potato ‘Mira’ ‘Cara’ ‘Valor’

Question 16

Name a resistant plant for Rose Black Spot

Answer 16

Rosa ‘Queen Elizabeth’

Rosa ‘Charisma’

Question 17

Name a resistant plant for Hollyhock Rust

Answer 17

Hollyhock ‘Antwerp Mixed’

Question 18

Name a resistant plant for Club Root

Answer 18

Cabbage ‘Kilaxy’

Cabbage ‘Kilaton’

Question 19

Name a resistant plant for Carrot Root Fly

Answer 19

Carrot ‘Flyaway’

Question 20

describe two control methods other than growing resistant cultivars for Potato Blight

Answer 20

destroy infected material by burying it 45cm deep at least or burn it

Earth up potatoes prior to blight warnings

select early harvested potatoes which are more likely to avoid infection

Access forecast warnings; eg Smith’s Period or Hutton criteria-then plan fungicide applications

cut foliage at sign of infection

ensure no potatoes left in ground which could harbour disease

Question 21

describe what you should do with potatoes when infection levels reach 25%

Answer 21

when approx 25% of leaves are infected or marks appear on stems haulm foliage (cut off) near soil level and remove debris.

when skin on tubers has hardened (approx 2/52 later) lift tubers

Question 22

describe two ways in which the selection of appropriate plants for soil conditions can help prevent plant health problems

Answer 22

select plants for correct pH level EG: a calcifuge plant must be grown in acidic soil to prevent lime-induced chlorosis as iron unavailable in calcareous soil

grow cabbages in alkaline soil to avoid club root

select plants for specific soil conditions eg: waterlogged/wet

select crops for specific soils eg: carrots need well drained/sandy soil

Question 23

to avoid club root in cabbages, what soil type should they be grown in?

Answer 23

alkaline.

Club root is more prevalant in acidic soil

Question 24

what plant likes wet/waterlogged conditions?

Answer 24

Iris pseudacorus

or Iris germanica

Question 25

what growing conditions are best for carrots to avoid stunted/distorted root growth?

Answer 25

well drained sandy no compaction no large stones

Question 26

what is a benefit of encouraging ladybirds into the garden?

Answer 26

control aphids

Question 27

what is a benefit of encouraging lacewings into the garden?

Answer 27

control aphids

Question 28

what is a benefit of encouraging hoverflies into the garden?

Answer 28

they are pollinators

Question 29

what is a benefit of encouraging hedgehogs into the garden?

Answer 29

eat slugs

Question 30

what is a benefit of encouraging birds into the garden?

Answer 30

eat aphids and slugs

Question 31

what is a benefit of encouraging frogs into the garden?

Answer 31

eat slugs

Question 32

what practices can you use to restore the balance of natural plant protection in a garden?

Answer 32

install bird boxes/feeders to encourage blue tits as eat aphids install ponds to encourage birds/frogs who eat slugs/aphids companion planting to reduce use of pesticides use of barriers/mesh to control cabbage white butterfly laying eggs on crops establish undisturbed wildlife areas eg: log piles for hedgehogs and frogs to hide in avoid (C) leaves and debris so there is a habitat for beneficial animals and insects

Question 33

what are the features of perennial weeds that make them successful in a domestic lawn?

Answer 33

the weeds have storage organs (tap roots and rhizomes) so they can survive winter. re-grow from storage organs or produce stolons/runners so good at reproduction. are low growing/rosette shaped/mat forming so withstand close mowing

Question 34

name weeds found in lawns

Answer 34

``` Taraxacum officinale Ranunculus repens Trifolium repens Poa annua Veronica persica ```

Question 35

Name weeds found in woody perennial plantings

Answer 35

Capsella bursa pastoris | Cardamine hirsuta

Question 36

name a herbicide active ingredient to control perennial weeds in lawns

Answer 36

2,4-D Mecoprop MCPA

Question 37

name three selective. translocated herbicides

Answer 37

2,4-D Mecoprop MCPA

Question 38

name a herbicide active ingredient to control perennial weeds in woody perennial plantings

Answer 38

Glyphosate

Question 39

what is Glyphosate?

Answer 39

a non-selective/total translocated herbicide

Question 40

life cycle of the potato cyst eel worm is: (revise a diagram too)

Answer 40

cysts can remain in soil for upto 20 years contain 200-600 eggs eggs hatch in spring, stimulated by presence of a solanaceous crop or associated weed worms are 1mm in length eelworms invade susceptible plants and feed eg:potatoes females swell up and mate in summer females burst through the root wall but leave their head in male eelworms exit root to fertilise female, then die female bodies swell and develop into cysts which can be seen on surface of roots cysts fall off back into the soil at harvest in autumn (one life cycle per year in field crops)

Question 41

descibe symptoms of potato cyst eel worm

Answer 41

plants display patches of poor/stunted growth signs of chlorosis from ground upwards infected plant will display many pin-head sized spherical cysts on roots eels worms disrupt uptake of water/nutrients heavily infected plants die prematurely and yield poor crop of under-sized tubers

Question 42

what happens to an area when it is first infected with potato cyst eel worms?

Answer 42

only a small part will be infected, eventually the infected area grows until it's impossible to grow acceptable potatoes

Question 43

what is the effect on plant growth with a low pH, give a solution

Answer 43

yellow leaf spots leading to browning and death stunted growth clubroot in brassicas incorporate lime eg: ground limestone, calcium carbonate, calcified seaweed etc

Question 44

how do you raise a soil pH?

Answer 44

add lime eg: ground limestone calcium carbinate calcified seaweed ground chalk

Question 45

what is the effect on plant growth with a high pH, give a solution

Answer 45

iron deficiency symptoms eg: interveinal chlorosis as no Manganese, copper, zinc, boron. add sulphur or pine needles

Question 46

what are the effects shade has on plant growth? | Give examples of solutions

Answer 46

plants become etoliated-thin shoots/long internodes. stem bends towards light, foliage smaller than normal, flowers/fruit poor. plant shade tolerant plants eg: Hedera helix move plants to sunnier position removed overhanging foliage thin out seedlings

Question 47

what effects on plant growth does drought have?

Answer 47

``` reduction in photosynthesis poor growtgh leaves wilt loss of leaves/buds die back of shoots/whole plant ```

Question 48

solutions for dealing with drought are;

Answer 48

water all new plants in well mulch new plants with at least 7.5cm depth with leaf mould or gravel install automated irrigation system eg: lay a flat seep hose down

Question 49

what are the effects of high temps on plant growth?

Answer 49

loss of water | scorched areas on leaves

Question 50

what plants are susceptible to sun damage?

Answer 50

Acer palmatum | Camellia species develop brown patches on leaves

Question 51

how do you overcome high temp damage to plants?

Answer 51

careful selection of plants and positioning keep vulnerable plants out of direct sunlight shade tender seedlings in greenhouses