PAST PAPER Qs (Open questions) Flashcards
(47 cards)
Describe misconduct in authorship such as GIFT AUTHORSHIP and AUTHORSHIP ACHIEVED BY COERCION
GIFT AUTHORSHIP = offering authorship to someone who has not fulfilled criteria for authorship (e.g in exchange for a gift)
AUTHORSHIP BY COERCION = when a senior researcher demands to be an author on all publications from the lab, regardless of whether he fulfils the criteria for authorship
Describe misconduct in authorship such as UNSOLICITED AUTHORSHIP and REFUSAL TO ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY AS AN AUTHOR
UNSOLICITED AUTHORSHIP = when someone is listed as an author without their knowledge or consent
[always involves GHOST AUTHORSHIP -> when the person who really wrote the paper is not listed as an author]
REFUSAL TO ACCEPT AUTHORSHIP = failure to accept responsibility for publication
Define Plagiarism and Self-plagiarism
PLAGIARISM = claiming the work of another to be one’s own
SELF-PLAGIARISM = plagiarism from one’s own publications
What is Scientific misconduct?
Regarded as illicit so is difficult to assess its general prevalence or to investigate specific instances of misconduct
What is Fabrication of data and results?
The most blatant form of misconduct affecting truth claims of scientific findings. It ranges from invention of all data and results reported to the invention of some of it.
Describe Imalas and Salami publications
IMALAS PUBLICATION = sequential publishing of the same results with few new data included in the analysis each time
SALAMI = the same project published in different publications to maximise the number of papers published
Describe the conditions according to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors Authorship Criteria that researcher should meet to be named as author of the publication
- Substantial contributions to the conception of the work
- Drafting the work
- Final approval of the version to be published
- Being accountable on answering to any questions related to the accuracy of work
What is the basic function of literature review?
- Provides theoretical background to the study
- Helps establish links between what has been proposed to examine and what has already been studied
- Enables to show how findings have contributed to the existing body of knowledge in profession
- Helps integrate research findings
Describe duplicate publication and when its generally accepted
It is only acceptable if first publication is in an international journal and the second is in a national, native language and relationship between two papers is made clear
Define peer review process
- Evaluation of a research by others working in the same field
- Helps ensure that the published paper answers meaningful research questions and draws accurate conclusions based on professionally executed experimentation
Describe the basic parts of scientific paper
- Introduction
- Methods and material
- Results
- Discussion
Describe the role of the institutional revie board (IRB)
- To ensure that research ethics are adhered to by making researchers submit a research protocol including relevant information and informed consents
- To ensure that subjects are not exploited
What are the origins of research problems?
- From observations collected in conjunction with medical procedures
- From practical issues that clinicians confront in managing patients
- From published scientific literature
Importance of the basic characteristics of a good research problem when the clinical research problem is considered important
Considered important is its resolution has the potential, to clarify a significant issue affecting the public health and ultimately cause the clinician to decide that he would not have taken, had the problem been addressed
The problem should be feasible in which two aspects?
- Proposed research should be susceptible to empirical evaluation
- Research question should be answerable
The problem should be feasible in a practical level:
- Investigator must decide early on if he has the resources to address within a realistic time frame + reasonable cost
- Avoid selecting a problem that is too broad
- Problem should not be too narrowly defined
- Investigator can conduct a pilot study -> Provide info about complexities
In terms of feasibility of the research problem, what are the factors affecting the time of implementation?
- Interval needed for subject enrolment
- Time involved in: Administering the intervention, Collecting data on inputs, assessing outcome
Factors affecting the feasibility of the study regarding resources include all except:
- Costs of measurement procedures
- Costs of intervention
- Costs of data collection
- Costs of equipment, supplies and travel
- Technical expertise
Define Proportionate risk, informed consent, role reversal and integrity design
PROPORTIONATE RISK = is the risk outweighed by the potential benefit to that subject?
INFORMED CONSENT = is the subject aware of the aims of the study? if so, is the subject aware of any adverse consequences that might arise in their participation?
ROLE REVERSAL = would the investigator be willing to trade places with the subject?
INTEGRITY OF DESIGN = is the study designed to warrant the expenditure of time and effort or the potential risk to the patient?
What are the different types of research questions?
- DESCRIPTIVE (what is occurring?)
- RELATIONAL (what is the association between two or more variables?)
- CAUSAL (does the treatment affect one or more outcomes?)
What are the types of research questions according to trichotomy?
- WHAT - describe presence, magnitude and patterns in relationships
- WHY - describe causes of, reasons for and explanations for relationships
- HOW - deal with methods from bringing about desired changes
What is a clinical trial protocol?
A written document that provides the description of the rationale for the trial, the hypothesis to be studied, the overall design and the methods to carry out and analyse the trial
What does the Trail protocol require?
- To have written record of how the trial is to be conducted
- To obtain official approval to conduct the trial
- To apply for funding
What are Primary and Secondary outcomes?
- PRIMARY (MAJOR OUTCOMES) = drive the study design
- SECONDARY (OUTCOMES OF LESSER IMPORTANCE) = provide supportive information
