Past Paper Questions Flashcards
1
Q
The right colic artery originates from:
1. Superior mesenteric artery
2. Internal iliac artery
3. Inferior mesenteric artery
4. The celiac trunk
5. The common hepatic artery
A
Superior mesenteric artery.
2
Q
Location of ischial spine
1. posterior margin
2. Upper margin
3. Lower margin
4. Anterior margin
A
Posterior
3
Q
Inferior vena cava
1. Originate from joining of internal iliac vein
2. Originate from joining of external iliac vein
3. Starts at the level of L2
4. Locates on right of aorta
5. Locates on left of aorta
A
Located on right of the aorta
4
Q
Which structure is not related to the inferior surface of the lung?
1. Pancreas
2. Stomach
3. Liver
4. Spleen
5. Diaphragm
A
2
Emin degilim boylesoru mu olr amk
5
Q
Which joint is synovial joint?
1. Lateral and medial meniscus
2. Popliteal ligament
3. Collateral ligament
4. Patellar ligament
A
the lateral and medial menisci are structures within the synovial knee joint, providing important functions such as load distribution and stability. In contrast, ligaments like the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) are located around the knee joint, connecting bones and contributing to its stability but not within the synovial cavity.
6
Q
How many lymph nodes forms Axillary lymph nodes?
1. 3
2. 5
3. 8
4. 13
5. 2
A
I assume the correct answer is 3 because in the lecture prof talked about 3
But in the axillary region of the human body we have around 20-30 different lymph nodes.
7
Q
Left gonadal vein drains into?
A
The right gonadal vein (GV=testicular vein in men, ovarian vein in women) usually drains into the inferior vena cava (IVC) while the left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein (RV).
8
Q
Middle rectal artery origin
A
A branch of the internal iliac artery.
9
Q
What’s true about the lower vascular pole of the testes?
A
The lower vascular pole of the testes typically refers to the lower part of the testicular blood supply. The testicular arteries, which arise from the abdominal aorta, travel into the scrotum and give rise to multiple branches that supply the testes. The vascular pole refers to the area where these vessels enter and exit the testes. The blood supply is crucial for providing oxygen and nutrients to the testicular tissues and for the regulation of temperature within the scrotum, which is essential for spermatogenesis (sperm production).
10
Q
Which cell produce bile
A
Hepatocytes
11
Q
Ischial spine location
A
Posterior
12
Q
Adductor longus
A
The adductor longus is a muscle located in the thigh. Here are some key points about the adductor longus:
- Location: The adductor longus is one of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh.
- Origin: It originates from the pubic bone.
- Insertion: The muscle inserts into the middle third of the linea aspera on the posterior surface of the femur.
- Action: The primary action of the adductor longus is to adduct the thigh, meaning it helps bring the thigh toward the midline of the body.
- Innervation: It is innervated by the obturator nerve.
The adductor longus is part of the adductor muscle group, contributing to movements involving the inner thigh and hip joint.
13
Q
Attachment of the arytenoid cartilage
A
Cricoid cartilage.
The base of the each arytenoid cartilage articulates with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage is very important for the sound production
14
Q
Gastroesophageal junction
A
The gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) is the anatomical region where the esophagus connects to the stomach. It involves both muscular and sphincteric structures. Here’s a detailed overview:
- Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES): This muscular structure is a crucial component of the gastroesophageal junction. It is located at the distal end of the esophagus, just above the stomach. The LES acts as a sphincter to prevent gastric contents from refluxing back into the esophagus.
- Diaphragmatic Hiatus: The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus. This hiatus allows the esophagus to connect with the stomach.
- Z-Line: The Z-line is the anatomical boundary between the esophageal mucosa and the gastric mucosa. It is a visible landmark indicating the transition from squamous epithelium (in the esophagus) to columnar epithelium (in the stomach).
- Cardia of the Stomach: The region of the stomach closest to the gastroesophageal junction is referred to as the cardia. This area is important in preventing reflux of stomach contents back into the esophagus.
- Gastroesophageal (Cardiac) Sphincter: This term is sometimes used to describe the functional aspect of the region where the esophagus meets the stomach. It represents the coordinated action of the LES, the diaphragmatic hiatus, and the cardia of the stomach in preventing reflux.
Understanding the anatomy and function of the gastroesophageal junction is crucial in the context of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other disorders affecting this region. Issues with the lower esophageal sphincter or the competence of the junction can lead to reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn.
15
Q
Location of detrusor muscle
A
The detrusor muscle is a smooth muscle layer found in the wall of the urinary bladder. It is the main muscle responsible for the contraction of the bladder during the voiding phase of micturition (urination). The detrusor muscle surrounds the bladder and is arranged in a complex network, allowing it to contract and expel urine from the bladder into the urethra.
The coordinated contraction of the detrusor muscle, along with relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter, facilitates the expulsion of urine from the bladder during the urination process.
16
Q
Serratus anterior muscle damages
A
Winged scapula
Serratus anterior connects scapula to the rib cage
17
Q
Micro of ureters
A
Examining the microscopic anatomy (histology) of the ureters reveals the following features:
- Transitional Epithelium: The inner lining of the ureters is covered by a specialized epithelium called transitional epithelium. This type of epithelium allows for stretching and recoiling as the ureters undergo changes in volume due to the passage of urine.
- Muscularis Layer: The wall of the ureters contains a muscular layer known as the muscularis. The muscularis is composed of smooth muscle fibers organized into inner longitudinal and outer circular layers. These muscles contract rhythmically to propel urine from the kidneys to the bladder through peristaltic movements.
- Submucosa: The submucosa is a connective tissue layer beneath the transitional epithelium. It contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves that support the function of the ureters.
- Adventitia: The outermost layer of the ureters is the adventitia, which is primarily composed of connective tissue. The adventitia helps anchor the ureters to surrounding structures.
Understanding the histological structure of the ureters is essential for comprehending their function in transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
18
Q
Vertebral canal
A
The vertebral canal is a bony canal formed by the vertebral foramen of consecutive vertebrae in the spine. Here are key points about the vertebral canal:
- Location: The vertebral canal runs longitudinally within the vertebral column, extending from the base of the skull to the sacrum.
- Contents: It houses and protects the spinal cord, the meninges (protective layers covering the spinal cord), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Formation: The vertebral canal is formed by the vertebral foramen, which is the opening in the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes.
- Intervertebral Foramina: Gaps between adjacent vertebrae create openings called intervertebral foramina. These openings allow spinal nerves to exit the vertebral canal and branch out to various parts of the body.
- Protection of Spinal Cord: The vertebral canal provides a bony encasement that helps protect the delicate spinal cord from mechanical damage.
The vertebral canal is a vital component of the vertebral column, serving as a protective passage for the spinal cord and associated structures.
19
Q
Right colic artery originates from which artery?
A
Superior mesenteric artery(which arised from the abdominal aorta.)
SMA supplies; primary blood supplier of the small intestine(jejunum and ileum), cecum and appendix, ascending colon(right colic artery), proximal Two-Thirds of the transverse colon(middle colic artery).
The proximal one-thirds of the duodenum receives blood from celiac trunk but distal 2/3 supplied by SMA
20
Q
Rotator cuff muscles are
A
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subcapsularis
21
Q
The lateral circumflex artery supplies what?
A
The lateral circumflex artery is a branch of the left coronary artery, it supplies the lateral wall of the left ventricle. It runs along the outer surface of the heart.
Left coronary artery branches off;
-Left anterior descending artery(LAD)=Descends along the anterior interventricular groove and supplies blood to the anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum and anterior wall of the left ventricle
-left circumflex artery(LCx)= Runs to the left in the AV groove also known as the coronary sulcus. It supplies lateral and posterior walls of the left ventricle.
22
Q
Winged scapula is because of which muscle
A
Serratus anterior
23
Q
Location of myenteric plexus in the small intestine(Auerbach’s Plexus)
A
The myenteric plexus, also known as Auerbach’s plexus, is a network of nerves located in the muscular layer (muscularis externa) of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine. Specifically, the myenteric plexus is situated between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle within the muscularis externa.
Myenteric plexus involved in the muscle movements of the GI tract such as peristalsis and it is not involved in the secretions to the lumen. It is the key regulator of smooth muscle contractions and overall gastrointestinal motility.
24
Q
What is the teres minor innervated by?
A
Axillary nerve C5-C6
Also innervates deltoid muscles in the shoulder.
25
What is the only muscle that is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve?
Cricothyroid muscle. Responsible for the adjusting the tension of the vocal cords.
26
Where are the multivescicular bodies? Pneumocytes II
Pneumocytes II to produce surfactant.
27
Which nerve gets in the way for a fibular head blockage?
Common peroneal nerve also known as common fibular nerve.
28
Common iliac artery, which one is wrong?
a. It is 10cm long
b. Passes obliquely to L4, L5
The common iliac artery is a major blood vessel in the abdominal region that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to supply the pelvic organs, lower abdominal wall, and lower extremities. Here are key points about the anatomy of the common iliac artery:
1. **Origin:** The common iliac artery arises from the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta, typically at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4).
2. **Division:** The common iliac artery divides into two branches:
- **External Iliac Artery:** This branch continues downward, eventually becoming the femoral artery and supplying blood to the lower extremities.
- **Internal Iliac Artery:** This branch provides blood supply to the pelvic organs and the gluteal region.
3. **Course:** The common iliac artery descends along the pelvic brim and gives off its branches as it progresses down the pelvis.
4. **Relation to Structures:** The common iliac artery is situated posterior to the peritoneum and anterior to the lumbar spine. It is also closely related to the ureters and the common iliac veins.
It is around 5cm
It passes obliquely to the L4,L5
29
Where is the submucosa plexus?
It is a network of neurons in the submucosa of the GI tract. Also known as Meissner’s plexus. It is a part of the enteric nervous system.
Second brain
Located beneath the mucosa lining(innermost)
Primarily involved in regulating secretions and blood flow into the mucosa, nutrient absorption and fluid exchange.
30
What is the border of the greater pelvis?
Also known as false pelvis.
Formed by wings of the ilium, and anteriorly the inguinal ligament
Located above of the pelvic brim and is limited superiorly by the abdominal organs. Primarily contain abdominal organs. Doesn’t play a direct role in the childbirth.
31
Which muscles are not the part of the Rotator cuff?
a. Subscapularis
b. Supraspinatus
c. Infraspinatus
d. Teres minor
e. Teres major
E
32
Aortic valve leaflets are each called
b. Right / Left / Anterior
c. Right / Left / Posterior
d. Posterior / Anterior / Lateral
Right left and posterior.
33
Kupffer cell is
Macrophage of the liver
34
Which of the following statements is wrong about Thymus?
a. It is asymmetrical structure
b. It locates over the cervical pleura
c. It locates behind the sternum
d. Sometimes, it reaches to the level of the neck
B and D
It is located under the cervical pleura
35
Regarding the heart chambers
Left atrium has thicker wall than right atrium
36
Tracheal cartilages
Hyaline cartilage
The trachea, or windpipe, is a tubular structure in the respiratory system that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi. It is supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings that provide structural integrity and prevent the collapse of the trachea during breathing. Here's an overview of the anatomy of tracheal cartilages:
1. **C-Shaped Rings:** The trachea is reinforced by a series of incomplete C-shaped cartilaginous rings. The open part of the C faces posteriorly, allowing flexibility and the ability to expand and contract during breathing.
2. **Composition:** The tracheal cartilages are composed of hyaline cartilage, which is a strong and flexible type of cartilage. This composition maintains the tracheal lumen while providing structural support.
3. **Posterior Membrane:** The posterior part of the tracheal rings is not covered by cartilage but instead by a fibrous membrane containing smooth muscle and connective tissue. This arrangement allows flexibility for swallowing and movement of the adjacent esophagus.
4. **Connections:** The tracheal cartilages are connected by the trachealis muscle, a smooth muscle that spans the posterior aspect of the trachea. This muscle allows adjustment of tracheal diameter.
5. **Innervation and Blood Supply:** Nerves and blood vessels run along the outer surface of the trachea, providing sensory innervation and vascular supply to the tracheal wall.
The arrangement of the tracheal cartilages is vital for maintaining the patency of the airway and facilitating smooth airflow during respiration.
37
Hepatic lobule
A hepatic lobule is a functional unit of the liver, representing a hexagonal-shaped structure with portal triads at its corners and a central vein at its center. The liver is organized into these lobules, and each lobule has a specific vascular and biliary arrangement that contributes to the liver's metabolic and excretory functions.
Key features of the hepatic lobule include:
1. **Portal Triad:** At each corner of the lobule, there is a portal triad, consisting of branches of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct. These structures bring oxygenated blood, nutrient-rich blood, and bile to the lobule.
2. **Central Vein:** The central vein is located in the center of the hepatic lobule and collects blood that has passed through sinusoids, draining it out of the liver.
3. **Sinusoids:** Blood flows through sinusoids, which are capillary-like structures located between rows of hepatocytes (liver cells) in the lobule. Sinusoids facilitate the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between hepatocytes and blood.
Understanding the hepatic lobule is crucial for comprehending the microanatomy and function of the liver. It provides a framework for the liver's complex processes, including metabolism, detoxification, and the production of bile.
38
Parietal cells of the stomach
Parietal cells, also known as oxyntic cells, are specialized cells located in the gastric glands of the stomach lining. These cells play a crucial role in the production of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) to aid in the digestion of food. Here's an overview of the anatomy of parietal cells:
1. **Location:** Parietal cells are found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa, particularly in the body and fundus regions of the stomach.
2. **Shape:** Parietal cells are typically large, pyramidal or oval-shaped cells.
3. **Secretory Vesicles:** Parietal cells contain numerous secretory vesicles that store and release hydrochloric acid into the stomach lumen.
4. **Proton Pump:** The secretion of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells is primarily mediated by the activity of a proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase) located on the canalicular membrane (apical membrane) of the cell. This pump exchanges potassium ions for protons, leading to the release of acid into the gastric lumen.
5. **Intrinsic Factor:** Parietal cells also produce intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.
6. **Tubulovesicular System:** Parietal cells have an extensive network of intracellular tubulovesicular structures involved in the transport of protons to the secretory canaliculi.
The activity of parietal cells is regulated by various factors, including hormones, neural signals, and the presence of food in the stomach. The acid produced by these cells creates an acidic environment in the stomach, aiding in the breakdown of food and creating an inhospitable environment for ingested microorganisms.
39
Motor branches of the obturator nerve
The obturator nerve is a branch of the lumbar plexus (specifically, from the anterior divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves). While the obturator nerve primarily carries sensory fibers to the muscles of the medial thigh and skin, it also provides motor innervation to some muscles. The primary motor branches of the obturator nerve include:
1. **Obturator externus muscle:** The obturator nerve innervates the obturator externus, a muscle that helps with lateral rotation and abduction of the hip.
2. **Adductor muscles:** The obturator nerve innervates the adductor muscles of the thigh, including adductor longus, adductor brevis, and part of adductor magnus and Gracilis.
Actions: abduction and lateral rotation.
40
Nerve associated to the Guyon Canal
Ulnar nerve. Last 3/2 fingers
Carpal tunnel- median nerve first 3 1/2 fingers
41
The iliotibial band is the insertion of
The iliotibial band (ITB) is a thick band of fascia formed proximally at the hip by the fascia of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and tensor fasciae latae muscles.
42
Umbilical artery the remnants in the human body?
It forms medial umbilical ligaments. These are fibrous cords that extend from the internal iliac arteries down to the umbilicus(navel). The proximal portions of the umbilical arteries become part of the internal iliac arteries, contributing the blood supply of the pelvis.
43
Internal pudendal vein is tributary of
(Bulb of the penis)
The internal iliac vein.
44
Which cells produce surfactant
Type II pneumocytes
45
The gracilis and adductor muscles are innervated by
Obturator nerve
46
Cloquet’s lymph node is an example of - deep inguinal lymph node
It is a sentinel lymph node which means first lymph nodes that receive drainage from a primary tumor.
Importance of the Cloquet’s lymph node
Sentinel node of the femoral canal.
47
Which of the following is wrong:
quadratus lumborum flexes the lumbar column,
psoas major flexes the lumbar column,
longus colli extends the neck(wrong!)
spinalis extends,
ileocostalis extends
Quadratus lumborum-extends and laterally flexes the lumbar spine
Psoas major- flexes the lumbar spine
Longus colli-flexes the neck
Spinalis- extend the spine
Iliocostalis- extend the spine.
48
The superior rectal vein drains into
The superior rectal vein is a branch of the inferior mesenteric vein. It drains blood from the upper part of the rectum and ultimately contributes to the venous drainage of the gastrointestinal tract. The inferior mesenteric vein collects blood from various tributaries in the abdominal region, and one of these tributaries is the superior rectal vein.
49
The umbilical vein comes from
Bu nasil soru amk
Internal iliac
Umbilical vein give rise to the ligamentum teres in the liver which is a round ligament. It connects liver to the anterior abdominal wall(navel)
50
What are the lacteals in the intestine
Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels found in the small intestine, particularly in the villi of the intestinal mucosa. They play a crucial role in the absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
Key features of lacteals include:
1. **Location:** Lacteals are present within the finger-like projections called villi, which cover the inner surface of the small intestine.
2. **Function:** Lacteals absorb dietary lipids (fats) along with fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) during the process of digestion and nutrient absorption. The absorbed fats are transported in the form of a milky white fluid called chyle.
3. **Transport of Chyle:** Chyle is a fluid rich in lipids that forms in the lacteals after the absorption of fats. Lacteals transport chyle through the lymphatic system, ultimately draining into the thoracic duct, which releases it into the bloodstream near the left subclavian vein.
4. **Role in Immunity:** Lymphatic vessels, including lacteals, also play a role in immune surveillance. They transport immune cells and antigens from the digestive system to lymph nodes, contributing to the body's defense against pathogens.
The presence of lacteals enhances the efficiency of nutrient absorption in the small intestine, particularly for substances that are not water-soluble, like fats.
51
Spermatogonia:
→ perform the first meiosis
52
The anatomical relationship of the right ureter
Iliac vessels: it descends along the medial side of the right common iliac artery and vein as it travels to the pelvis.
Right ureter passes posterior to the IVC as it descends, forming part of the retroperitoneal space.
Duodenum; first part of the duodenum is located near to the right ureter. The duodenum and the ureter share a close anatomical relationship in the retroperitoneal space.
Bladder: Ureteric orifice. Runs posterior and lateral to teh bladder before entering the posterior wall of the bladder.
Uterine artery in females: this artery descends towards to the bladder
Vas deferens: ureter runs posterior to the vascular deferens, which is part of the male reproductive system.
53
The inguinal ligament
The inguinal ligament is a band of fibrous tissue that forms the inferior border of the inguinal canal, extending from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) of the pelvic bone to the pubic tubercle. It is a crucial structure in the anatomy of the lower abdomen and plays a role in providing support to the inguinal region. Here are key points about the inguinal ligament:
1. **Location:** The inguinal ligament is located in the lower abdomen, running diagonally from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle.
2. **Attachment Points:**
- **Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS):** The inguinal ligament originates from the ASIS, which is a bony prominence at the front of the pelvic bone.
- **Pubic Tubercle:** The ligament terminates at the pubic tubercle, a bony projection on the pubic bone.
3. **Structural Role:** The inguinal ligament provides structural support to the inguinal canal, a passage through the abdominal wall. It helps to form the floor of the canal.
4. **Borders Inguinal Canal:** The inguinal canal is a passage that allows structures, such as the spermatic cord in males or the round ligament of the uterus in females, to pass from the abdominal cavity to the external genitalia. The inguinal ligament forms the inferior border of this canal.
5. **Clinical Significance:** In surgical procedures like hernia repairs, the inguinal ligament is often used as a landmark. Procedures involving the inguinal region, such as inguinal hernia repair, may involve manipulation or reinforcement of the inguinal ligament.
Understanding the anatomy of the inguinal ligament is important for surgeons, anatomists, and healthcare professionals involved in procedures and evaluations related to the lower abdominal and pelvic regions.
54
Epicardium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall.
Composed of CT, adipose, blood vessels, and lymphatics. Smooth protective surface. It is a serous membrane meaning it secretes a lubricating fluid that allows the heart to move within the pericardial sac.
Fucntion;
Providing smooth lubricated surface that reduces friction during heart contractions. Protecting underlying heart muscle and blood vessels. Facilitating nutrient and oxygen exchange between the coronary blood vessels and the myocardium.
55
The anterior tibialis
2 origination point
Found in the anterior leg.
Dorsi flexion and inversion of the foot.
Originates from lateral condyle of the tibia and interosseous membrane of the tibia and inserted into medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal bone.
Innervated by peroneal nerve a branch of the common fibular nerve
56
Lesions of the long thoracic nerve cause
Winged scapula
57
Upper pole of the testicle
Tekrar bak
The upper pole of the testicle, also known as the superior pole, is one of the regions of the testicular structure. To provide a more detailed explanation:
1. **Tunica Albuginea:**
- The outer covering of each testicle is called the tunica albuginea. It is a tough, fibrous layer that surrounds the entire testis, including the upper pole.
- The tunica albuginea extends inward, forming septa that divide the testicle into lobules.
2. **Lobules and Seminiferous Tubules:**
- Within each lobule, the tunica albuginea extends inward, creating a framework for the testicular tissue.
- Seminiferous tubules, where sperm production occurs (spermatogenesis), are found within these lobules. Spermatogenesis involves the development and maturation of sperm cells.
3. **Rete Testis:**
- At the upper pole, the seminiferous tubules converge and connect to the rete testis. The rete testis is a network of tubules that collects sperm produced in the seminiferous tubules.
4. **Blood Supply and Vasculature:**
- The upper pole of the testicle, like the rest of the testis, is well-vascularized. Blood supply comes from the testicular artery.
- The testicular artery branches within the testis to supply oxygen and nutrients to the seminiferous tubules.
5. **Epididymis Connection:**
- At the upper pole, the rete testis connects to the epididymis, a coiled tube attached to the back of each testicle.
- The epididymis is crucial for sperm maturation and storage before they are transported to the vas deferens during ejaculation.
58
Where the left gonadal vein drains into
left renal vein
59
Position of the left coronary artery
between pulmonary trunk and left atrium
60
Composition of the uterine epithelium
The uterine epithelium, or endometrial lining, undergoes dynamic changes during the menstrual cycle to prepare for potential pregnancy. Here's a brief overview of the main components:
1. **Surface Epithelium:** The outermost layer consists of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells. These cells may have microvilli on their apical surfaces.
2. **Glandular Epithelium:** The endometrium contains tubular glands that extend into the underlying stroma. These glands are lined with simple columnar epithelial cells.
3. **Stromal Cells:** The connective tissue or stroma between the glands is populated by stromal cells. The stroma provides support and contains blood vessels.
4. **Blood Vessels:** The endometrium is highly vascularized to support the potential implantation of a fertilized egg. The blood vessels play a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy.
5. **Immune Cells:** Immune cells are present in the uterine lining to help regulate the immune response and protect against infections.
The composition of the uterine epithelium undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle in response to hormonal fluctuations, with variations in thickness, vascularity, and glandular development. These changes are orchestrated to create an optimal environment for embryo implantation if fertilization occurs.
61
Relations of the mesentery
duodeno-jejunal flexure(superiorly) ligament of treitz suspensory muscle of the duodenum is associated with duodenal-jejunal flexure.
Downstream— more mobile
Mesentery: double-layered fold of peritoneum(lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs). Mesentery supports and suspends the intestines within the abdominal cavity connecting them to them to the posterior abdominal wall.
Duodenojejunal flexure is associated with the mesentery of the small intestine, particularly the beginning of the jejunum. This mesentery contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics crucial for the vascularization and innervation of the small intestine.
62
Only intra-synovial structure for the knee joint
medial and lateral menisci
63
Only carpal bone out of the options to not be in proximal row
trapezium
Proximal row of the carpal bones:
Scaphoid-Lunate-Triquetrum-pisiform
Pisiform looks like a pee, and located palmar surface of the triquetrum.
64
Innervation of the brachioradialis muscle
radial nerve
Brachioradialis muscle located in the lateral side of the forearm(thumb side)
Flexor of the forearm
65
Borders of femoral ring
medial border: lacunar ligament
Anterior:medial part of the inguinal ligament
Lateral:femoral vein within the intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath
Posterior:pectineal ligament overlying the pectineus muscle and its fascia covering the superior pubic ramus
Femoral ring is the site for crural hernia
66
Which cells produce testosterone in the testicles
Leydig cells
67
11. Hassall corpuscles (found in thymus) are formed by
epithelial cells-found in the medulla
68
Innervation of the thenar muscles of the hand
Median nerve
69
Structure and relations of the central tendon of the diaphragm
(directly inferior to pericardium.)
Structure: flat sheet like consisting collagen fibers. Central non-contractile portion of the diaphragm.
Relations: close proximity with the pericardium
Aortic and Esophageal hiatus which are the opening in the muscle.
70
Size of bronchioles
Smallest windpipe 0.3-0.5mm or 0.5 to 1 mm
71
Direction of the poles of the testicles
Superior and inferior
72
which part of the ovary contacts the pelvic wall
Ovarian hilum or hilus
Hilum is where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels that enter and exit the ovary.
73
what nerve innervates brachioradialis
Radial nerve
74
which are the cells that cover the inside of the uterus
Endometrium 2 layers
Stratum functionale
Stratum basale
Simple columnar epithelial cells.
75
The femoral ring:
a. anteriorly, the pectineal ligament is found
b. the inguinal ligament is found inferiorly to it
c. all the answers are true
d. lacunar ligament is found medially
D
medial border: lacunae ligament
Anterior:medial part of the inguinal ligament
Lateral:femoral vein within the intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath
Posterior:pectineal ligament overlying the pectineus muscle and its fascia covering the superior pubic ramus
76
The mammary vein arises from the confluence:
-internal Thoracic vein
-Axillary Veins
77
The right colic arises from:
Superior mesenteric artery
78
Koch’s triangle marks the location of...?
Atrioventricular node
Septal leaflet of the tricuspid, the coronary sinus and tendon of Todaro
79
Which nerve passes in the guyon's canal?
Ulnar nerve
The ulnar nerve passes through Guyon's canal, also known as the ulnar canal or ulnar tunnel. This canal is a narrow space on the palmar side of the wrist and is formed by the pisiform and hamate bones, as well as the connective tissue between them. The ulnar nerve travels through Guyon's canal along with the ulnar artery. Guyon's canal compression or injury can lead to ulnar nerve entrapment, resulting in symptoms such as pain, numbness, and weakness in the hand and fingers.
80
The first rib
a. Is the place of insertion of the posterior scalene
b. has an anterior groove for the subclavian vein, and posteriorly to it the groove for subclavian artery
First rib:
Anterior and middle scalene muscle attachment not posterior.
Thoracic outlet
On the superior surface of the first rib there are 2 grooves;
Anterior groove- Subclavian artery
Posterior groove- subclavian vein
81
7. In the esophageal-gastric junction:
a. the stratified squamous end abruptly
b. simple columnar epithilium begin
c. all the answers are correct
In this junction stratified squamous epithelium ends and simple columnar starts.
82
The 7th cervical vertebra
a. has elongated spinous process
b. has bifid spinous process
c. has articular surface on the transverse process
d. does not have transverse foramina
A it has a elongated spinous process
C4 has Bifid spinous process
Primary function of the transverse foramina is to provide a passageway for the vertebral arteries
C7 has a transverse foramen but there is no vessel inside.
83
which is not correct about the seminiferous tubules
-the spermatogonia are found in the luminal zone
-lyding cells are found in the interstitial compartment
-its epithelium is stratified
A
Leydig cells are found in the interstitial compartment.
The epithelium of seminiferous tubules is stratified.
Spermatagonia are found in the basal compartment or near the basal laminate of the seminiferous tubules.
In the luminal zone or lumen of the seminiferous tubules more mature cells can be found.
84
The upper pole of the testis
A- is not vascularized
B-gives attack to the gubernaculum testis
c. gives attack to the spermatic ligament
d. none of the answers are correct
e. the place of the mediastinum
Mediastinum is a central compartment in the thoracic cavity.
Upper pole of the testis is associated with the attachment of the gubernaculum
85
the coronary sinus
-passes in the posterior atrioventricular groove- also known as the coronary sulcus
Posterior right atrium
86
The fovea trinagularis and fovea oblunga are located in:
antero-lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage
87
Which muscles insert with a long tendon along the lateral thigh:
TFL tensor fasciae latae
88
Which structure is in relationship with the abdominal region of the right ureter:
a. descending duodenum
b. abdominal aorta
Right abdominal ureter in relation with the following structures;
Lower pole of the right kidney, second part of the duodenum as the the ureter is retro-peritoneal at this level.
89
An injury to the ...... muscle lead to the winged scapula:
a. latissimus dorsi
b. trapezius
c. subscapularis
d. supraspinatus
e. serratus anterior
E
90
Which muscle does NOT attach to the medial epicondyle:
1-palmaris longus
2-flexor carpi radialis
3-flexor carpi ulnaris
4-extensor carpi ulnaris
The extensor carpi ulnaris muscle attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (on the lateral side of the elbow) via its origin.
The muscle runs down the forearm and inserts into the base of the fifth metacarpal bone and the ulnar side of the carpals (specifically, the pisiform and triquetrum). This attachment allows the extensor carpi ulnaris to contribute to the extension and adduction of the wrist.
91
ovary is in contact with the pelvic wall through the
Suspensory ligament
92
juxtaglomerular apparatus:
A-is located in the vascular pole
B-is located in the urine pole
C-is found near the minor calyxes
D-none of the answers are correct
E-minimally protrudes within the Bowman’s capsule
A
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located in the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.
93
umbilical artery originates from the:
Internal iliac artery.
94
thoracic duct:
A-passes in the aortic hiatus
B-at the level of the T8 is right to the respect of the aorta
C-drain in the inferior vena cava
D-has a thick wall
B- it more medially located than the aorta
It drains into the junction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein.
Thin wall
Thoracic duct crosses the diaphragm from the aortic hiatus at the level of the 12th rib.
So there are 2 right answers.
95
quadratus lumborum
A-originate only from the iliac crest
B-originate from the iliac crest and the iliolumbar ligament
C-attach to the transverse process of the lowest 4 thoracic vertebrae
D-allows inspiration
A is wrong
B is correct
C is wrong because it attaches to the 12th thoracic vertebrae and first four lumbar vertebrae in the transverse processes.
It is a muscle of expiration
96
urinary bladder in females is in relationship with:
A-the upper third of the anterior wall of the vagina
B-the middle third of the anterior wall of the vagina
C-the upper third of the posterior wall of the vagina
D-the middle third of the posterior wall of the vagina
A- anterior upper third of the vaginal wall
97
which is true about the mesentery
a. arises from the duodenal-jejunal junction
The mesentery is a fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the wall around the stomach area and holds it in place
98
24. In which of the following cells are the multivesicular bodies found:
alverilar macrophages
type 2 pneumocytes
type 1 pneumocytes
Bronchiolar cells(Clara)
Brush cells
Type 2 pneumocytes
99
Hassall corpuscles consists of:
macrophages
epithelial cells
lymphocytes
thymocytes
neutrophilic granulocytes
Concentric layers of epithelial cells found in eh thymus.
100
Which muscle runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial tibial surface near the patella?
a. rectus femoris
b. semitendinosus
c. tensor fascia lata
d. sartorius
e. vastus lateralis
Sartorius. It is longest muscle in the body and most superficial of the thigh muscles.
a. rectus femoris(origin:anterior inferior iliac spine, insertion to the patella through the quadriceps tendon)4 muscles insert into the same tendon.
b. semitendinosus(located in the posterior thigh, origin:ischial tuberosity, medial tibia
c. tensor fascia lata (anterior iliac crest, IT band lateral tibia.)
d. sartorius
e. vastus lateralis(originated from greater trochanter of the femur, inserted into patellar tendon
101
1. The left main bronchus, in comparison to the right one, is
a. Longer and narrower
b. Shorter and larger
c. Longer but with the same diameter
d. Longer and larger
Left bronchus is longer but narrower
102
Borders of major pelvis
Greater pelvis or false pelvis
Anteriorly- abdominal wall between the iliac crests
Laterally- iliac wings-(iliac fossa)
Posteriorly- sacrum and vertebrae
103
Joint between the sacrum and the ilium
The joint between the sacrum and the ilium is called the sacroiliac joint. It is a diarthrodial (freely movable) joint and plays a crucial role in connecting the axial skeleton (sacrum) with the appendicular skeleton (ilium). The sacroiliac joint is a synovial joint, but its movement is limited to a small amount of gliding and rotation. Ligaments surrounding the joint provide stability to support the weight transfer between the spine and the lower limbs.
104
Origin of umbilical vein
Tekrar bak
105
An injury in the Serratus anterior leads to
Winged scapula
106
Lining of the uterus
Endometrium
107
Urethra opening in women
External urethral orifice, between clitoris and vaginal opening.
108
What is located between the left atrium and ventricle
Mitral or bicuspid valve.
Atrioventricular groove or coronary sulcus. Left and right coronary arteries run in this groove.
Also coronary veins such as great cardiac vein located in this groove.
109
Is the peritoneum an imaginary space?
No, the peritoneum is not an imaginary space; it is a real and important anatomical structure in the human body. The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it. It consists of two layers:
1. **Parietal Peritoneum:** This layer lines the abdominal wall.
2. **Visceral Peritoneum:** This layer covers the abdominal organs.
The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum is known as the peritoneal cavity. This cavity contains a small amount of serous fluid, allowing the abdominal organs to move and slide against each other without friction during various physiological processes such as digestion and respiration.
The peritoneum is not imaginary but rather a tangible and crucial component of the abdominal anatomy, contributing to the protection and functioning of abdominal organs.
110
Cremaster muscle
The cremaster muscle is a thin layer of skeletal muscle that is part of the male reproductive system. It is located within the spermatic cord and is an extension of the internal oblique muscle. The primary function of the cremaster muscle is to regulate the position of the testes in response to changes in temperature.
When the body is exposed to cold temperatures, the cremaster muscle contracts, pulling the testes closer to the body to help maintain an optimal temperature for sperm production. Conversely, in warmer temperatures, the muscle relaxes, allowing the testes to descend away from the body to avoid overheating.
The contraction and relaxation of the cremaster muscle contribute to the regulation of testicular temperature, which is crucial for sperm development and overall reproductive function.
111
Ligamentum teres?
Round ligament of the liver: it is a remnant of the left umbilical vein in the liver.
The ligamentum teres hepatis runs within the free edge of falciform ligament which is a fold of peritoneum that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall. It extends from the umbilicus to the left lobe of the liver.
112
1. Synergist muscle of biceps brachii
a. Triceps brachii
b. Brachialis muscle
Brachialis and brachioradialis
113
In the red pulp of the spleen:
Together, the cords and sinusoids contribute to the functions of the red pulp, including blood filtration, removal of old red blood cells, storage of platelets, and certain aspects of immune response. The spleen plays a vital role in maintaining the quality of circulating blood and participating in immune surveillance.
114
3. A lesion in which of the following muscles results in winged scapula:
a. Serratus anterior
b. Trapezius
Serratus anterior
115
Mammary vein
Axillary vein
116
Anteversion angle of the uterus
Angle formed between the long axis of the body of the uterus and the long axis of the cervix.
Anteversion indicates the forward or anterior tilt of an organ.
Uterus tilted towards to the bladder.
75-90º
117
Pronator teres muscle
It is one of the muscle located in the anterior superficial compartment of the forearm.
The main action of pronator teres is the pronation of the forearm, while it also contributes to the flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint.
Origin: it has 2 heads, one is originated from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, other head originated from the coronoid process of the ulna.
Insertion: lateral side of the radius
Innervation:Median nerve
Blood supply: Ulnar and radial arteries.
Turning a doorknob or using a screwdriver.
118
Surfactant is produced by
Type 2 pneumocytes
119
The right ureter at the abdominal level is in relationship with
Right abdominal ureter; lower pole of the kidney, second part of the duodenum as the ureter is retroperitoneal at this level.
120
11. The mammary artery is a branch of
a. Subclavian artery
b. Common carotid artery
The mammary artery as known as the internal thoracic artery is a branch of subclavian artery.
It gives of branches known as the anterior intercostal arteries.
121
12. The cervical trachea is NOT in relationship with:
a. Recurrent laryngeal nerves
b. Thyroid arteries
c. Internal carotid arteries
C- internal carotid
Common carotid arteries give branch at the C4 level which is also the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.
Trachea starts at the C6 level. The lowermost portion of the larynx also known as cricoid cartilage.
122
13. The transverse mesocolon originates from
Posterior abdominal wall
123
1. Which muscle is deeper to the biceps brachii:
A-coracobrachialis
B-brachialis
C-deltoid
D-triceps brachii
B brachialis
Origin; distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus.
Insertion ; coronoid process of the ulna and ulnar tuberosity
124
2. Which muscle performs adduction of the thigh?
-gracilis
-sartorius
-biceps femoris
-rectus femoris
-tensor fasciae latae
Gracilis
125
3. What is wrong about the caecum:
A-it’s 6-7 cm long
B-it is devoid of longitudinal musculature
C-when in the usual location it’s in posterior relation with the iliac muscle
D-usually it’s entirely covered by peritoneum
E-it is in relation with the ileum
All of them are correct?
Cecum is a blind ended pouch located in the most proximal part of the large intestine. Chyme from ileum drains into cecum. Cecum is about 6cm long and it is intraperitoneal. Closely related to appendix.
Cecum. It is entirely intraperitoneal. The ascending and descending colon are retroperitoneal. Upper third of the rectum is covered by the peritoneum on the anterior surface.
126
Which muscle anterior to the adductor magnus
Pectineus and adductor longus.
The adductor magnus muscle is situated in the medial compartment of the thigh. A muscle that is located more anteriorly than the adductor magnus is the **pectineus muscle.** The pectineus is a flat, quadrangular muscle that lies at the upper and medial part of the thigh. It is one of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh and is considered a hip flexor and adductor.
127
5. Wrong affirmation about the lymphatic vessels:
-they have a blind origin
-the transverse section is irregular
-they contain a smooth muscle layer
They don’t contain smooth muscle cells.
128
Dendritic cells of the epidermis?
A-Langerhans
B- follicular dendritic cells
C-macrophages
D-M cells
E-melanocytes
Langerhans. Particularly found in the stratum spinosum. They have a distinctive dendritic appearance with numerous processes extending from cell body.
129
7. What does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?
-laryngeal mucosa
-arytenoid muscles
-lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
-posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
-posterior third of the tongue
Superior laryngeal nerve, a branch of vagus nerve(cranial nerve X) innervates cricothyroid muscles.
Arytenoid muscles are innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerves. Recurrent laryngeal nerves innervates all the muscles in the larynx except cricothyroid muscles.
Correct option= laryngeal mucosa
130
8. To what do the superior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?
-lesser horns of the hyoid bone
-greater horns of hyoid bone
-hyoid bone
-epiglottis
Greater Cornu of the hyoid bone
131
9. Which statement is wrong about the central tendon of the diaphragm?
-it is bifoliate
-has got a thick aponeurosis
-it’s directly superior to the pericardium
-it’s directly inferior to the pericardium
C
Central tendon located more inferiorly than the pericardium.
132
10. With reference to the seminal colliculus, mark the wrong answer:
-it is located in the prostatic urethra
-has the utricle opening into the seminal vesicles bilaterally
-it is present only in males
-it is also called veru montanum
-it has an anterior convexity that protrudes into the urethral lumen
B- Utricle is a single structure located in the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra.
Veru montanum(dag sirti) anteriorly protrudes urethral lumen.
133
11. Which muscle is lateral to the palmaris longus?
-flexor carpi radialis
-flexor carpi ulnaris
-pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus found in the anterior forearm in the superficial compartment. From medial to the lateral following:
Ulnaris-palmaris-radialis-pronator teres
134
12. What is found between the portal vein and left renal vein:
-Botallo’s duct
-Arantius’ duct
Arantius duct
Botallo’s duct=Ductus arteriosus which connects pulmonary artery to the descending aorta.
Arantius Duct= also known as ductus venosus, fetal blood vessel that connects umbilical vein to the IVC bypassing liver.
135
15. Which is false about the ovary:
-medially it’s in contact with the pelvic wall
-they are also called female gonads
-they have a flattened oval shape
Laterally it is in contact with the pelvic wall.
136
Where does left suprarenal artery come from?
Inferior phrenic artery which is a branch of abdominal aorta.
Middle suprarenal artery can arise from the abdominal aorta or renal artery.
137
16. The middle rectal artery originates from:
-inferior cava artery
-external iliac artery
-internal iliac artery
-common iliac artery
-inferior mesenteric artery
Internal iliac artery.
Rectum primarily supported by inferior mesenteric artery which supplies upper 2/3
The middle rectal artery(a branch of internal iliac artery) supplies the middle portion.
Inferior rectal artery( a branch of internal pudendal artery artery) supplies the lower portion of the rectum.
138
18. With reference to the urinary bladder, indicate the wrong answer:
-the fully filled bladder does not protrude from the upper profile of the pubis
-urachus is a commonly obliterated embryological remnant
-ureteral meatuses have an oblique slit shape
-collects urine from ureters
-the vesical trigone always has a smooth surface
First option is wrong. Fully filled bladder protrude from the upper profile of the pubic symphysis.
139
19. Which of these functions is not of the lymph node?
-activate T lymphocytes
-produce blood clotting factors
-HEVs ensure the passage of lymphocytes from the bloodstream to the lymph node parenchyma
-activate B lymphocytes
-filter the lymph
Produce blood clotting factors is wrong about lymph nodes.
That's correct. Lymph nodes are primarily involved in filtering lymph and facilitating immune responses, but they do not produce blood clotting factors. Blood clotting factors are primarily produced in the liver, specifically in hepatocytes (liver cells), and are released into the bloodstream.
Blood clotting factors are essential components of the coagulation cascade, a series of biochemical reactions that occur in response to injury to blood vessels. These factors play a crucial role in hemostasis, the process of stopping bleeding, by forming blood clots to seal off damaged blood vessels and prevent excessive blood loss.
While lymph nodes do contain various types of immune cells, including lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, their primary function is related to the immune system rather than hemostasis or blood clotting. They are not involved in the production of blood clotting factors or the coagulation process.
140
21. The gastroduodenal artery originates from:
-the celiac trunk
-the common hepatic artery
-the superior mesenteric artery
-the gastric artery
The gastroduodenal artery (GDA) is a branch of the common hepatic artery that supplies the pylorus of the stomach, superior part of the duodenum, and the head of the pancreas. It is located in the epigastric region of the abdomen, coursing behind the duodenum.
Common hepatic artery originates from celiac trunk.
141
22. Which of the following statements is true?
-the gastrocnemius is deep to the soleus
-the semitendinosus is lateral to the biceps femoris
-the semimembranosus is lateral to the biceps femoris
-the adductor magnus is anterior to the adductor brevis
-the adductor longus is anterior to the adductor magnus
Last option is correct. Adductor longus is anterior to the adductor magnus.
Adductor brevis located more anteriorly than the adductor magnus.
Semimebranous and semitendinosus found medially than the biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius located more superficial than soleus.
142
23. The root of the mesentery:
-relates to the spleen
-originates from the duodeno-jejunal flexure
-originates from the hepatic flexure
-it has a vertical course from the subdiaphragmatic region to the pelvis
-ends in the left iliac fossa
Root of mesentery, it extends from duodeno-jejunal flexure and ends in the ileocecal junction(junction between small and large intestine).
143
24. Which of the following muscles is a lateral muscle of the posterior thigh?
-adductor magnus
-biceps femoris
-semitendinosus
-semimembranosus
-sartorius
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus found more lateral and superficial than the semimebranous.
Pens anserinus: sartorius, Gracilis and semitendinosus. Found in the medial knee.
Muscles in the posterior thigh from medial to lateral;
Semimebranous-semitendinosus-biceps femoris
144
25. The cervical vertebrae have -------, which other vertebrae don’t have:
-spinal foramen
-transverse foramen
-spinous processses
-transverse processes
-vertebral body
Transverse foramina
145
26. The juxtaglomerular system:
-does not protrude from the Bowmann’s capsule
-it’s located at the level of the uriniferous pole
- it’s located at the level of the vascular pole
-it’s located at the apex of the renal papillae
-opens in the collecting duct
The juxtaglomerular system is **located at the level of the vascular pole**. It consists of specialized cells located near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle (where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole exits the glomerulus) and along the afferent arteriole. These cells include juxtaglomerular cells (renin-secreting cells) and macula densa cells.
146
Left adrenal vein flows into;
A-superior mesenteric vein
B-left renal vein
C-inferior vena cava
D-right renal vein
E-portal vein
B left renal vein
147
The tricuspid valve
A-is closed during ventricular diastole
B-inserts into a cartilaginous ring
C-it flaps have two parietal surfaces
D-is connected to the anterior, posterior and septal papillary muscles via the tendon cords
E-has an orifice with circumference of 5-8 mm
B is correct
It is closed during the ventricular systole not diastole so option A is wrong
It inserts into a fibrous ring called annulus fibrosus, b is correct
Flaps have 1 atrial surface(parietal surface) or ventricular(septal surface) c is wrong
There are only anterior and posterior papillary muscles not septal
Circumference is about 20-25 mm
148
The ureter is crossed by the testicular vein at the level of
A- its abdominal segment
B- it is not crossed by the testicular vein
C-pyelo-ureteral junction
D- common iliac vessels
E- its pelvic segment
The right and left testicular veins cross the corresponding ureters anteriorly at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. So its abdominal portion
149
Intercostal muscles;
A-internal intercostals go from each rib to the rib below with oblique fibers directed backward
B-are arranged in two planes; internal and external
C-are arranged in two planes; superior and inferior
D-External intercostals fill the whole intercostal space
E-external intercostals are expiratory muscles
A
External Intercostal muscles elevates the ribs and expand the thoracic cavity help in the inspiration.
Whereas internal and innermost intercostal muscles lowers the ribs(expiration)
150
The intertransverse muscles;
A-they contribute to the respiratory movements
B-can be found in the lumbar segment only
C-their action extends the column
D-belong to the deepest layer of the back muscles
E- are between each spinous processes and the inferior transverse processes
D
151
Between the left branch of the portal vein adn the left hepatic vein is placed
A-Arantius duct
B- botallo’s duct
C-umbilical vein
D-umbilical artery
E-none of the answers are correct
Arantius duct also called ductus venosus
152
The ovary has an indirect relationship with the wall of the small pelvis by means of:
A-its anterior margin only
B-its lateral surface
C-its tubal pole
D-the posterior margin only
E-its medial surface
B
153
The villi are projections:
A-that not contain smooth muscle cells in the lamina propria
B- covered by a simple squamous epithelium
C-with lacteal vessels in the lamina propria
D-of mucosa and submucosa
E-contain tubular glands
C
154
The inferior vena Cava
A-is formed by the confluence of the internal iliac veins
B-is formed by the confluence of the external iliac veins
C-is located to the right of the aorta
D-starts at the L2 level
E- is located to the left of the aorta.
5th lumbar vertebra not 2nd
Correct option is C
155
A synergist muscle with the biceps brachii is the
A-teres minor
B-triceps brachii
C-pronator teres
D-brachialis
E-deltoid
D
156
The transversus abdominis
A- attached to the 10,11,12 ribs
B-attached to the intermediate lip of the iliac crest
C-inserts into the pubic crest and pectineal line to form conjoint tendon
D-attached to the internal aspects of the first 6 costal cartilages
E-is the most superficial of the anterolateral abdominal muscles
E is wrong
It is attached to the costal cartilages if the 7-12 ribs so last six
With internal oblique they form a conjoint tendon to attach to the pubic crest
It is originated (2/3 of it) from medial lip of the iliac crest
B is correct
157
The coronary sinus opens;
A-between the orifice of the IVC, the fossa ovalis and the vestibule of the AV opening
B-near the orifice of the SVC
C-in the left auricola
D-no answer is correct
E-in the right auricola
The correct answer is:
A - between the orifice of the inferior vena cava (IVC), the fossa ovalis, and the vestibule of the atrioventricular (AV) opening.
The coronary sinus is a vein located in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart. It collects most of the venous blood from the heart muscle and drains into the right atrium. Its opening is positioned between the orifice of the inferior vena cava (IVC), the fossa ovalis (which is a remnant of the foramen ovale), and the vestibule of the AV opening (the opening of the tricuspid valve).
158
Which of the following muscles is attached to the calcaneous?
A-tibialis posterior
B-popliteus
C-peroneus longus
D-gastrocnemius
E-peroneus tertius
A
159
The lower pole of the testicle:
A-is in contact with the appendix of the testicle
B-is nearby the head of the epididymis
C-is devoid of blood supply
D-corresponds to the hilum of the testicle
E-gives attach to the scrotal ligament
E
Appendix found in the upper lobe
160
Which of the following statements about the Ito’s cell is correct?
A-located in the hepatic sinusoid
B-located in the space of Disse
C-specialized macrophages of the liver
D-most numerous cell of the hepatic parenchyma
E-belongs to the system of large granular cells
Also known as hepatic Stellate(looks like a star) cells, they found in the Disse spaces and their main function is extracellular matrix production and vitamin A storage in the lipid droplets.
Disse spaces= space between sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes.
161
In the sternum;
A-the sixth incisura costalis is on the xyphoid process
B-the angulus sterni corresponds to the position of the first rib
C-the eight incisura costalis is at the connection between corpus and xiphoid process
D-the first incisura costalis is on the lateral margin of the manubrium
E-the first incisura costalis is on the superior margin of the manubrium.
D. Clavicle attach to the superior margin.
Incisura costalis= where each rib meats with the sternum. There are 7 incisura costalis in the breastbone first rib attached to the head or manubrium and other 6 attached to the sternum. Second rib is attached to the connection between manubrium and body of the sternum.
162
The longissimus muscle;
A-has 3 parts; cervicis, thoracis and lumborum
B-has 2 parts with different origins and insertions
C-represents the intermediate column of the erector spinae muscle
D-represents the medial column of the erector spinae muscle
E-All its muscle fibers originate and insert on the column.
C.
The longissimus muscles are the central erector spinae muscles. They are also the thickest and the longest. The longissimus muscles are divided into three regional groups, similar to the spinalis muscles. These include, from superior to inferior:
Longissimus capitis muscle originates from the transverse processes of vertebrae C4-T5 and inserts into the mastoid process of temporal bone.
Longissimus colli muscle extends between the transverse processes of vertebrae T1-T5 and transverse processes of vertebrae C2-C6.
Longissimus thoracis muscle consists of thoracic and lumbar parts. The thoracic part travels from the L1-L5 vertebrae, sacrum and posterior iliac crest until the thoracic vertebrae and inferior six ribs. The lumbar part extends between the region surrounding the anteromedial aspect of ilium and L1-L5 vertebrae.
163
Uterine body;
A-the functional layer remains unchanged during the menstrual cycle
B-the endometrial glands are compound branched tubular glands
C-none of the answers are correct
D-it is lined with the parietal peritoneum
E-the endometrial glands are lined by ciliated cells and secreting cells
C
Functional layer undergoes cyclic changes during cycle
They are simple tubular glands
The outer surface of the uterus is lined with peritoneum not inside of the uterus
Ciliated cells are not typically present in the uterus.
164
What does tarsal tunnel contains?
1-Tibialis posterior
2-FHL
3-FDL
4-tibial nerve
5-posterior tibial artery and vein.
165
The propulsion of the lymph occurs:
A- through skeletal muscle contractions
B-for the contractions of the smooth muscle of the lymphatic vessels.
C-all statements are correct
D-thanks to the diaphragmatic breathing
E-thanks to the general movement of the body
C
166
In the pancreas, the centroacinar cells;
A-secrete an aqueous bicarbonate solution
B-all statements are correct
C-they represent an extension of the intercalated duct into each pancreatic acinus
D-are weakly stained
E-are responsible to secretin hormone.
Centroacinar cells are spindle-shaped cells in the exocrine pancreas. They represent an extension of the intercalated duct into each pancreatic acinus.[1] These cells are commonly known as duct cells, and secrete an aqueous bicarbonate solution under stimulation by the hormone secretin. They also secrete mucin.
The intercalated ducts take the bicarbonate to intralobular ducts which become lobular ducts. These lobular ducts finally converge to form the main pancreatic duct.[1]
They are stained poorly compared to the acinar cells.
167
In the testicle;
A-sertoli cells are located outside the seminiferous tubules
B- Leydig cells typically have only one large nucleus
C-Sertoli cells have two large nuclei
D-none of the answers are correct
E-leydic cells are found within the tubules
Let's evaluate each option:
A - Sertoli cells are located outside the seminiferous tubules: This statement is incorrect. Sertoli cells, also known as sustentacular cells, are located within the seminiferous tubules of the testis and provide structural support and nourishment to developing sperm cells.
B - Leydig cells typically have only one large nucleus: This statement is generally correct. Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells, typically contain a single large nucleus. These cells are found in the interstitial tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules and are responsible for the production of testosterone.
C - Sertoli cells have two large nuclei: This statement is incorrect. Sertoli cells typically have a single large nucleus, not two. They are elongated cells located along the length of the seminiferous tubules and play essential roles in spermatogenesis.
D - None of the answers are correct: This statement is incorrect. Option B provides accurate information about Leydig cells having typically one large nucleus.
E - Leydig cells are found within the tubules: This statement is incorrect. Leydig cells are not found within the seminiferous tubules themselves but rather in the interstitial tissue surrounding the tubules.
Given the options provided, the correct statement is:
B - Leydig cells typically have only one large nucleus.
This option accurately describes the typical nuclear morphology of Leydig cells in the testis.
168
What nerve innervates the brachioradialis muscle?
Radial nerve
169
A renal lobe is;
A- consisting of the medullary rays and surrounding cortex
B- consisting of the renal(Malpighi) pyramid and the medullary rays of Ferrein
C-consisting of the renal (Malpighi) pyramid and the surrounding cortex
D-consisting of the cortex between the renal(malpighi)pyramid and capsule
E-bounded by the Interlobular arterioles
C
170
Which one is correct about the thymic epithelial cells;
A-they present high functional heterogeneity
B-they play a key role in positive selection of the lymphocytes
C- one type of them is responsible for thymic barrier
D- all answers are correct
E-they have thin and numerous extensions
The correct answer is D - all answers are correct:
A - Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) indeed present high functional heterogeneity, as they perform various functions essential for the development and maturation of T lymphocytes within the thymus.
B - TECs play a key role in positive selection of the lymphocytes by presenting self-antigens to developing T cells, allowing only those T cells with appropriate T cell receptors to survive.
C - One type of TECs, known as cortical epithelial cells, forms the thymic barrier, which regulates the entry of blood-borne antigens into the thymus and helps maintain the immune privilege of the thymus.
E - TECs have thin and numerous extensions, which facilitate interactions with developing T cells and contribute to the complex microenvironment of the thymus.
So, all of the statements provided are correct regarding thymic epithelial cells.
171
The rectum is
A-retroperitoneal
B-the terminal portion of the large intestine after the descending colon
C- a part without glands
D-the terminal portion of the large intestine before the anal canal
E- the portion with cuboidal epithelium
D is correct
Rectum is not completely retroperitoneal because superior 2/3 part are covered its peritoneum.
It lined with simple columnar epithelium. E is wrong
There are also mucous secreting glands in the rectum so option c is wrong.
Terminal part of the colon after sigmoid colon
172
Pronator teres origins form the medial numeral supracondylar ridge and the ulnar tuberosity and inserts on the;
A-humerus
B-first metacarpal bone
C-scapula
D-radius
E-ulna
Lateral surface of the Radius
173
The following muscles cause dorsiflexion of the foot except which one?
A-extensor digitorum longus
B-tibialis posterior
C-tibialis anterior
D-peroneus tertius
E-extensor hallucis longus
Standing in the heel= dorsiflexion
B- tibialis posterior, which is a flexor muscle of the ankle.
174
The internal mammal vein originated from the confluence of
The musculo-phrenic and superior epigastric veins
175
After originating from the aorta, the left coronary artery runs between;
A- the pulmonary artery and the left atrium
B-the pulmonary artery and right atrium
C-between left and right atrium
D-the SVC and left atrium
E-SVC and right atrium
A
176
The mitral valve;
A- its orifice is approximately circular
B-its orifice is connected with the pulmonary orifice
C-the anterior leaflet is continuous on the inflow aspect
D-the leaflets are supported with 3 papillary muscles
C
177
Which cell types are present in the thymus?
A- all of them
B- epithelial
C-reticular
D-thymocytes
E-nurse cells
A
178
The fovea triangular is and fovea oblong a are located in
A- the antero-lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage
B-antero-medial ‘’ ‘’
C-posterior arytenoid cartilage
D-anterior surface of the epiglottis
E-posterior surface of the epiglottis
A
179
What is correct about the villi
A- all of them
B-are projections with a core of loose CT covered by simple columnar epithelium
C-contain in the lamina propria numerous fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, lymphocytes plasma cells, eosinophils and macrophages
D-present a lamina propria with lacteal vessels
E- are projections of the mucosa
A
