Past Question. Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
What are nociceptors?
A
It is a R of a sensory neuron ( n. cell). Pain reception–> sensation is based on R function of nociceptive free n. endings.
2
Q
What are proprioceptors?
A
R is found in the same organ ( m.) as the effector (m.) Function: information about the posture and gait.
3
Q
What are exteroceptive reflex?
A
R is found in an organ (skin) different from that of the effector(m.)
4
Q
What is heperalgesia?
A
Increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nociceptors/ peripheral n.
5
Q
Myasthenia gravis.
A
An autoimmune disease/ congenital neuromuscular disease, which results from Ab that block nicotinic Ach R at the junction between n. + m.. This prevents n. impulses from triggering m. contraction–> m. weakness.
6
Q
If cranioc. part of spine damaged, what happens?
A
No UMN to FL + HL ( Tetraparesis).
Respiratory failure + decreased proprioception.
7
Q
Thoracolumbar part of spine damaged.
A
No LMN to HL.
FL: normal.
8
Q
Caudoc. part of spine damaged.
A
FL: LMN.
HL: UMN.
9
Q
Lumbosacral part of spine damaged.
A
FL: normal.
HL: LMN.
10
Q
Altered function in LMN results in:
A
Hyporeflexy, Hypo-/atonia of m. + Flaccid paresis.
11
Q
Greek meaning of “ Apoptosis”.
A
“Falling off” –> programmed cell death that occurs in multicelluler organisms.
12
Q
Released in acute stress:
A
Catecholamine’s ( E (adrenalin), NorE).
13
Q
Released in chronic stress:
A
Glucocorticoids.
14
Q
What can cause grass tetany?
A
Lack of Mg ( Hypomagnesium).
15
Q
Pathogenesis of milk fever?
A
Decreased Ca, decreased P, increased Mg.
16
Q
Steroid hormones can cause:
A
Cushing’s disease ( Hyperadrenocorticism).
17
Q
Blood loss anaemia:
A
Acute bleeding leading to hypovolaemia.
18
Q
Chronic blood loss:
A
Caused by Fe deficiency.
19
Q
Urolith/ Bladder stone is caused by:
A
High P.
20
Q
Cushing’s disease is the same as:
A
Hyperadrenocorticism.
21
Q
Addison’s disease is the same as:
A
Hypoadrenocorticism.
22
Q
Which is a lipoprotein?
A
is a grp of soluble proteins that combine with + transport fat/ other lipids in the blood plasma. HDL, LDL, VLDL, IDL.
23
Q
Non- regenerative anaemia can be caused by:
A
Bracken fern toxicosis( pteridium aquilinum).
24
Q
What can be the cause of haemolysis?
A
Babesia, is a protozoan parasite that infects RBC causing a disease known as babesiosis.
25
Cheyne- Stokes breathing:
Gradual increase of breathing, followed by a gradual decrease in breathing, and then followed by a period of apnea.
26
Hypothermia means:
Occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low temp. + organ malfunction.
27
In cholestasis:
Increase of GGT + ALKP.
28
Altered function in UMN will result in:
Hyperreflexy, Spastic pareiss, Rigidity.
29
CRT acts on the:
Pituitary gl.
30
Methaemoglobin is caused by:
Nitrates/ Cu.
31
What are xenobiotics:
Foreign chemical not usually found in an organism( Ab + Food addictives)
32
Obstipation:
Extreme + persistent constipation caused by obstruction in the intestinal system.
33
Vitium (defect) is a:
Stable cond.
34
Is Mg important for iso- osmosis?
Not important.
35
Venous p. in kidney:
Hypovolemic shock.
36
Which is the most severe dehydration?
Hypertonic ( total global dehydration).
37
Inflammation hemodynamic:
V permeability increase.
38
Ion involved in arrhythmias:
K+.
39
Increase acid:
Increase anion gap.
40
Hypochloraemia is caused by:
Vomiting, abd displacement, diarrhea + sweating in horses.
41
DIC is:
Not a 1º cond.
42
Left displaced abomasum/ Right displaced abomasum is most common:
LDA most common without torsion.
| RDA is more severe, most often with torsion.
43
Ethylene glycol toxicosis:
Metabolites damage the kidneys.
44
Oncotic p. decreases:
Less fluid taken back into the blood= filtration increases.
45
Dalmatians:
Has no uricase enzyme, uric acid excretion decrease. Gout can occur.
46
What is gout?
A form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot and swollen joint.
47
Rhabdomyolysis:
Breakdown of striated m. ( low O2, free radicals, electrolyte imbalance, infection).
48
Spinal injury location:
Narrowed down to 1 of 4 sections.
49
Which cran. n. affects mastication in dog?
5th n., trigeminal n.
50
Which cran. n. affects mastication in horse?
7th n., facial n.
51
Which cran n. affects mastication in Ru?
12th n., hypoglossal n.
52
Botulism. What does it inactivate?
Blocks n. function through inhibition of Ach ( neurotransmitter).
53
Na conc?
140- 150 mmol/L.
54
what is true?
Genetic diseases are always congenital.
55
What is osteomalacia?
Softening of bones, typically due to a deficiency of Vit D/ Ca.
56
What is wrong about starvation?
Is not a storage disorder.
57
Low iron in piglets is caused by:
Poor Iron stores.
58
What is true?
Vomiting cause alkalosis.
59
Increased acid.
Causes increased anion gap.
60
Liver enzymes increase in:
Liver malfunction.
61
Which is correct?
Congenital defect in growth hormone leads to dwarfism.
62
Renal osteopathy:
Mineral mobilization from bones.
63
Apoptosis in embryo:
Forms cavities + fingers.
64
What is not correct?
Vit E + Se cause encephalomalacia.
65
Incorrect statement about free radicals:
Saturated fats are more susceptible.
66
Sub- Ileus:
Lumen is partially occluded/ blocked.
67
Paralytic Ileus:
Blockage of intestine due to paralysis of intestine.
68
Leukotriene's:
Eicosanoid inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes. Regulate the immune responses is to trigger contractions in the smooth m. lining the bronchioles; their overproduction is a major cause of inflammation in asthma + allergic rhinitis.
69
Blood brain barrier:
Slow diffusion--> glucose, VFA, AA, Ab.
Fast diffusion--> CO2, O2, drugs, anesthetics narcotics, non-polar + small molecules like urea.
No diffusion--> HCO3-, Alb, NH3.
70
B12 deficiency:
Macrocytic. Normo-chromic.
71
What is allodynia?
Allodynia is a clinical feature of many painful cond. Such as neuropathies, complex, regional pain syndrome, post hepatic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, and migraine. Allodynia may also be caused by some populations of stem cells used to treat n. damage includng spinal cord injury.
72
Impulse formative disorder:
Tetany, convulsion.
73
Lactobacilli, when do they overgrow?
In case of cytolytic vaginosis. Leads to acidity + irritation.
74
In case of frothy bloat. What helps the animal?
Antifoaming agent.
75
Fatty liver. dIsturbances in gluconeogenesis and...?
Decreased transport of lipoprotein production.
76
LMN.
Lower Motor Neuron. For voluntary movement of eyes, tongue, face--> vocalization, swallowing + chewing.
77
What is atrophy?
Decreased size of m., partial/ complete wasting away a part of the body.
78
What is hypotonia?
Decreased tone of m., " floppy baby syndrome".
79
Vit E is an?
Antioxidant: against free radical, prevent LDL formation, anticoagulant + prevent oxidation of polyunsaturated FA.
80
Ions in the EC space:
Cations: Na+ + CO2+.
Anions: Cl- + HCO3-.
81
Cats regarding Br. What is special about it?
Cats tend more to have bilirubinuria.
82
What is not a " production disorder"?
Starvation.
83
What stimulate gastric acid production?
Gastrin, Ach + Hist ( + ghrelin).
84
What is vitium?
A fault, defect or vice.
85
What is apoptosis?
The death of cells, which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's groth or development.
86
Diabetes insipidus. Does ADH decrease or increase?
ADH decrease.
87
Lipids in cell membrane?
Phospholipids, Sphingomyelin and Glycolipids.
88
Where is Vit E an anti-oxidant?
Inside the cell membrane.
89
Thrombocytopenia is the most common hematological disorder?
Quantitative disorder.
90
Clinical sign of hematological disorder?
Petechia, Ecchymosis, hematoma, hemothorax, hemoperitoneum and hemopericardium.
91
How do you measure APTT?
Intrinsic pathway: silicon dioxide as activator.
92
Extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?
Intrinsic: APTT// Extrinsic: PT // Common: TT, everything increase.
93
When is UBG found in urine?
Pre hepatic and hepatic icterus.
94
Which disease doesn't occur in this state?
White m. disease.
95
Portosystemic shunt, when does it occur?
Intrahepatic- often in large breed dogs.
96
Heart stops in systole or diastole in some compulsory state.
Diastole.
97
Shock enzyme of the liver?
AST and ALT increase.
98
Gastric mucosal barriers.
Epithelial cells, mucous secretion and layer of bicarbonate ions.
99
What is true about free radicals?
It is highly reactive and unstable molecule; they w ill stabilize by stealing/ receiving an é from a nearby molecule.
100
Von Willebrand's disease; what is true?
Congenital, factor 8.
101
Uricosis/ gout which one is correct?
Uric acid precipitates around BV and jts.
102
Frothy bloat of a cow is developed.
It is caused when feed is concentrates ( high in protein and lipids).
Always acute, life threatening cond.
103
Hoflund's syndrome.
Clinical sign: bloat.
| Cause: Foreign body in the reticulum causing reticulo-peritonitis.
104
Dalmatian and gout, what is false?
Allantoin cannot turn to uric acids.
105
Frothy bloat on the cow and the ions involved.
Ca + phosphate increase.
106
What causes CNS symptoms?
Portosystemic shunt.
107
What is the correct for Porto systemic shunt?
The portal vein is connected to systemic blood circulation without passing the liver.
108
What is true for the lobes?
Frontal lobe controls the limbic system ( behaviour).
109
Cows lipid breakdown, ketoacidosis, fatty liver.
Consequences of ketosis.
110
What are the chemical mediators of acute inflammation? Compounds of the immediate ( early) phase of exudation:
Prostaglandin 2, 1st .
| Serotonin, 2nd.
111
What are the chemical mediators of acute inflammation? Compounds of the delayed ( late) phase of exudation:
Hageman-factor dependent pathways and lipid mediators.
112
What is CRF? Where does it come from?
Chronic Renal Failure. More commonly classified as chronic kidney disease and is listed as stges based on patient's level of glomerular filtration rate, which is measure of filtering capacity of kidneys.
113
To what is LPO dangerous?
Lipid-Per- Oxidation= lipids becomes rancid--> tissue damage, hemolysis of RBC, carcinogenic and mutagenic.
114
Vasoconstrictors or vasodilators?
Vasoconstrictor: Produts of platelet activation, Endotoxin, Thrombin, insulin, Hypozis, E, NorE, Dop, Angiotension.
Vasodilators: E ( beta 2 R). Hist, PKG, prostaglandin and bradykinin.
115
Urolithialis can be caused by?
Decreased H2O intake, decreased frequency of urination, increased intake of Ca, P + Mg.
116
What is i true about ionized Ca %?
40%.
117
During hypoventialtion.
increases during obstruction of airways.
118
When a patient comes into the clinic with suspected spine injury the clinician can?
Access and divide the probable pt of injury as arising from 4 segments.
119
When the parathyroid gl is not working.
The anti-freeze is toxic anyway and the mineralization of the tissues happens.
120
What are the symptoms when animals have eaten anti freeze liquid?
Hypocalcaemia and demineralization.
121
Conjugated and unconjugated Br.
The conjugated Br is more often excreted to blood ( Br II ).
122
What ia true for Eq polysaccharide storage myopathy.
Storage of high amt of glycogen and polysaccharide within m. fiber.
123
CH metabolism in Eq/ Monday morning sickness in Eq:
Hyperglycemic disorder, increased breakdown of glycogen store.
124
Pseudo-hyperparathyroidism. How does it develop?
Hypercalcaemia occuring in association with a malignant neoplasm but without skeletal metastases or 1º hyperparathyroidism, possibly caused by the formation of parathyroid hormone by non- parathyroid tumor tissue.
125
What does SOD do?
Super- Oxide- Dismutase= antioxidant enzyme, that catalase the dismutant ( O2-),
2O2- + 2H-SOD--> H2O2 + O2.
126
What endocrine problem can cause PTH secretion?
Parathyroid hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma.
127
What is the oesophareal reflex?
Only in young Ru, only for milk ( H2O is not activating reflex, so H2O enter the rumen). Bypass reticulo-rumen influenced by:
reflex arch injury, symp effect, nutritive factors, ADH, thirst, Cu + SO4 + NaCO3, milk protein content.
128
The most important ion in health problems.
Na, Ca + K.
129
Vasopressin compared to ADH:
Same.
130
Cows and their fatty liver disease.
It is not a liver disease. Cause: realtive/ absolute E deficiency ( -ve E balance).
131
What happens to the m. when activation is decreased?
M. mass + m. strength beginning to decrease.
132
What is true?
1º BS is the result fom bacterial actions in the colon and conjugation of 1º BA.
133
Part of the special gut mucosa:
Prostaglandins (2).
134
Hemolysis is caused by:
Insulin overdose etc.
135
What is true?
Br increase in haemolysis ( prehepatic) phase and during liver damage (hepatic).
136
What counts to the " motor unit"?
Motor neuron, skeletal m. fiber, terminal axon.
137
Hypertonic animal, what is correct?
Hypertonia is the same effect like drinking sea water.
138
The constipation during obesity.
Obese and little exercised animals have bigger chance of constipation.
139
What is false about tetany?
The Mg don't play any part in it.
140
Necrosis which one is false?
Requires a lot of E.
141
Apoptosis which one is flase?
Takes a lot of time.
142
Where is the homeostasis center located?
Hypothalamus.
143
In diabetes mellitus
Polydipsia is a cause of polyuria.
144
In eclampsy the ions
Ca plays a crucial role.
145
What is not correct?
Vomiting is caused by release of vasopressin.
146
O2 is a:
Strong ocide due to 2 é wih parallel spin.
147
The most important cation and ion in anion balance are
Cl + Na/Ca + Na.
148
Tetanic convulsions:
Decreased ionized Ca and also hypoglycemia.
149
Which one does not lead to regenerative anaemia?
Brackern Fern toxicosis.
150
Hypernatremia is when conc. lowers to:
>130.
151
The ration of ketone bodies
Milk 1, plasma 2-3, urine 4-5.
152
The n. that effects Eq mastication/seizing
7.
153
H2O2
It is not a free radical, but a ROS.
154
Qualitative salivation problems are defined as
The bicarbonate molecule is missing ( HCO3).
155
Quantitative salivation problems are defined as
Xerostornia, ptyalosis.
156
Partutition paresis:
Hypocalcaemia.
157
Released in acute stress:
Catecholamine + Adrenalin.
158
Congenital enteral disease:
Milk and flavor defect.
159
Observed in a fasting Ru:
Alkalosis ( true: increase of salva, increase pH).
| Other correct answers: Increase in ketones (ketosis), decrease i=of motility, decrease of VFA.
160
What causes dysphagia ( difficulty swallowing)?
Megaoesophagus.
161
What is falso?
Anaphylaxis.
162
Dalmatians regulate their hyperuricemia by:
Increased excretion.
163
What is not a chewing problem?
Megaoesophagus.
164
Hypernatraemia can also be called?
"Salt poisoning".
165
What can cause alkalosis in Ru?
Increased protein intake, decreased CH intake.
