Past questions Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
- It is the antidote of severe deadly nightshade poisoning
A
Physostigmine
2
Q
Poisonings caused by metaldehyde, salt, ethylene glycol, permethrin and diazinon can cause convulsions as symptoms.
A
True
3
Q
Which side effect is NOT characteristic for sulphonamide toxicosis?
A
Cartilage damage
- fluroquinolones
4
Q
- Copper toxicosis appears always in acute forms in swine
A
False
- chronic more common swine diet, premix (growth promoter)
5
Q
This animal contains cardiac glycoside compound.
A
The Danaus butterfly, the toxic compound is originated from plants
6
Q
- Which compound can cause thyroid gland hypertrophy?
A
Dithiocarbamate
7
Q
In case of poisonings with weak acids (e.g. ibuprofen), urinary pH should be alkalic to enhance elimination, which can be achieved e.g. with vitamin C administration.
A
False
8
Q
This compound is not an organophosphate.
A
Propoxur
9
Q
Anaemia can be a consequence of lead toxicosis due to reduction in haem synthesis
A
True
10
Q
- Nitrophenol derivatives can cause hyperthermia
A
True
11
Q
- Do not use artificial respiration to treat hydrogen sulfide gas poisoning.
A
True
12
Q
- What is the specific component of the bee’s venom?
A
Mellitin
13
Q
- It posesses venom:
A
Elaphidae spp.
- cobra/mamba/coral
14
Q
- Carbon monoxide is heavier than air, so sensors should be placed as low as possible.
A
False
15
Q
Indolizidine alkaloid
A
Slaframine
- slobbers, bloat
- USA
- mainly eq, sometimes bo & sheep
16
Q
Ergoline alkaloid
A
Lysergic acid
17
Q
Macrocyclic trichothecene
A
Roridin
- verrucarin
- satratoxin
18
Q
Long chain fatty acid
A
Fumonisins
19
Q
Trichothecene
A
Diacetoxyscirpenol
20
Q
- Which cell type is damaged the most in case of chronic fluoride toxicosis?
A
Ameloblast
21
Q
- In ethylene glycol poisoning, typical pathological signs include edemas throughout the body and acute tubulonephrosis
A
True
22
Q
- Diazepam can be used as symptomatic antidote against both tremorgenic mycotoxins and ergolides.
A
True
23
Q
- Which substance can be used in eyedrops to induce vomiting in dogs?
A
Apomorphine
Ropirinole
24
Q
- Symptom of hemlock poisoning.
A
Ascending paralysis
Paralysis of repiratory muscles
GI: local irritation, bloat
Swine: teratogenic
25
21. Nitrogen dioxide is a light brown gas lighter than air. It accumulates in the higher parts of buildings with high ceilings
False
- heavier than air
- CD, ND, CL, HS, SD = all heavier
26
22. What is the dose of vitamin K in dogs in case of brodifacoum poisoning (at least in the first two weeks)?
3-5 mg/kg (bw) SC, PO small animala
0. 5-1 mg/kg large animals
- 1-2 mg/kg 7 days
- 1-2mg/kg every 2nd day for 14 days
27
23. Which statement is true for the toxicosis, caused by bees and wasps?
In case of horses, excitement and frenzy can show up as systemic symptoms
28
24. Which laboratory parameter is not characteristic to ethylene glycol poisoning?
Alkalic pH
| - acidic pH
29
25. This toxic metal ion exists in different oxidation states and chronic usage can lead to tolerance development
Arsenic
30
26. Ethylene glycol and ethanol are both substrates of the alcoholdehydrogenase, but the enzyme's affinity is higher to ethanol.
True
31
27. Organophosphates are sensitive for basic pH
True
32
28. Deoxynivalenol stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in medulla oblongata, leading to vomiting. Unlike other trichothecenes, it does not cause local irritation.
False
| - Does cause local irritation
33
29. In the case of paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis the Vitamin C and cimetidine IV administration at the same time as antidotes are more effective then the N-acetyl-cistein as antioxidant.
False
34
30. Symptoms of poisoning are similar to xylazine's side effects.
Amitraz
35
31. The most toxic part of Blue Star are its seeds.
True
- Indole alkaloids: LSD, hallucinogenic
- Glycosides: GI, hypotension
36
32. What is the cause of the Itai-itai disease?
Chronic Cd toxicosis
- hyper- parakeratosis, general ostechondrosis, osteomalatia
- spermiogenesis disruption -> sterility
- kidney failure -> proteinuria
37
33. Balancing hypokalaemia and hypercalcaemia during poisoning by cardiac glycosides is a must, otherwise these will icrease the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest due to the cardiac glycosides' negative chronotropic effect.
True
38
34. Brodifacoum is the inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase.
True
39
35. Fumonisins are equally likely to cause leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pigs.
False
| - rare su, pulmonary oedema more often
40
36. What is the leading symptom of paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis in cats?
Chocolate brown blood
41
37. What is characterisic to the pharmacokinetics of bromadiolone?
It is well absorbed orally
42
38. The main active ingredient of the Solenopsis spp. ants is an alkaloid.
```
True
- fire ants
- not so painful
- urticarial weal -> vesicle ->
pustule -> within 24 h rupturing -> crust
- multiple stings: systemic signs
convulsions, apnea
shock, rapid death
- Tx: corticosteroids, epinephrine
```
43
39. How can the systemic side effects of aminoglycoside administration be decreased?
Give SID with IV fluid therapy
| With oral administration
44
40. DDT and mercury are accumulated in the food chain.
True
45
41. Carboxyhemoglobin is a stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin, formed by an irreversible chemical bond.
False
| - reversible
46
42. Using emetics is contraindicated if the poisoning is caused by irritative substances (e.g. acids, bases).
True
47
43. Dimercaprol and succimer can be applied in case of the following metal toxicosis.
Arsenic
| Mercury
48
44. Which of these can cause colliquation necrosis?
Acetic acid
| - exception, all other acids coagulation necrosis
49
45. Which herbicide can cause inhibition of ATP synthesis and increase the body temperature?
Nitrophenols
50
46. Which substance can be used to alleviate convulsions in acute poisonings?
Pentobarbital
51
47. A Tompsett test is suitable for detecting nitrophenol derivatives.
False
| - Bipyridil derivatives
52
48. Based on the toxicity, rodents (e.g. mouse, rat) are less sensitive to the mycotoxins than the domesticated species.
True
53
49. In rodenticide poisonings, hypocalcaemia and hyperkalaemia are typical laboratory signs.
False
54
N-acetylcysteine
| dosage
140 mg/kg(bw) in the beginning, then 70 mg/kg(bw)
55
Phytomenadione
| dosage
0.5-1 mg/ttkg for farm animals
| = vit K1, used for rodenticide poisoning
56
Activated charcoal doage
2-5 g/kg(bw)
57
Atropine dosage
0.2-0.5 mg/kg(bw)
58
Diazepam doasge
1-5 mg/kg(bw)
59
51. Which substance cannot be used to alleviate convulsions in poisonings?
Acepromazine
60
52. Which compound can block the function of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetylcholine esterase?
Dithiocarbamate
61
Methylene blue 1% solution iv. application =
Nitrate/nitrite
62
Acetic acid (5%) p.o. application
Urea
63
Use of liver protectives and iv. glucose
Xylitol
64
Use of antioxidants and membrane protectives
Monensin
65
Hypotonic iv. Infusion
Table salt
66
54. Mydriasis can be seen in both amitraz and pyrethroid poisoning.
False
| - only pyrethroids
67
55. The polychlorinated biphenil compounds break down in the nature fast
False
68
56. Symptoms of chronic ergot poisoning are necrosis and pushing away of tails and combs.
True
- GANGRENOUS FORM:
tonic spasms of blood vessels of prominent
body parts
necrosis, pushing away (tail, comb)
- NERVOUS FORM: high excitability, stift gait, lameness
convulsions
69
57. Acute inflammation of oropharynx is typical in case of this poisoning(s).
Monstera spp.
| Diffenbachia spp.
70
58. In case of ethylene glycol poisoning, which substance is formed from the original molecule due to the effect of aldehyde-dehydrogenase?
Glycolic acid
71
59. The first application of an antivenin has high risk of an anaphilactic reaction to happen.
False
72
60. Non macrocyclic trichothecenes, ergopeptines, and ergoline alkaloids are more likely to be widespread in warmer climatic zones.
False
| - colder climates
73
61. Dioxines are capable of bioaccumulation
True
74
62. From this list, this species is the less sensitive to nitrite-nitrate poisoning
Dog
75
63. This substance can cause fulminant poisoning in case of sudden weight loss due to accumulation in adipose tissues.
DDT
76
66. Which substances can cause vasodilatation, anaphylactoid reaction and immunosuppression?
Iron
77
64. Poison against snails and slugs.
Metaldehyde
78
65. Which species is highly sensitive to xylitol?
Dog
79
67. Which dose of bromadiolone intake requires observation and repeated PTT check on the animal?
0.02 mg/kg(bw)
80
68. Both hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are produced in high concentrations during the treatment of pig and poultry liquid manure
False
- only hydrogen sulfide
- sulfur dioxide produced by coal, oil, petroleum combustion
81
69. This antidote is usually orally applied
D-penicillamine
- copper, zinc = antidote
(arsenic, mercury)
82
70. Zearalenone is approximately three-fold more toxic as zearalenol.
True
83
71. Arsenic toxicosis can be treated with dimercaprol.
True
| - and mercury
84
Zinc antidote
CaNa2-EDTA
| + D-penicillamine
85
Selenium antidote
```
No specific antidote
- GI detoxification:
activated charcoal, saline purgatives
- Symptomatic therapy:
oxygen therapy, pulmonary edema, shock
```
86
Iron antidote
Deferoxamine
87
Lead antidote
CaNa2-EDTA
| + Succimer 10 mg/kg TID dogs 10 days
88
72. Pentobarbital is contraindicated for the treatment of convulsions caused by poisionings due to its side effects.
False
89
73. What is the main effect of the bufodineolides?
They have similar effect as the Digitalis glycosides
90
74. Oxalate crystals in Poinsettia spp cause kidney damage.
False
- Euforbic acid
- GI, salivation, skin & eye
91
75. For which animal species is it true that at the application site of the toxin urticarial weal forms, that transforms into vesicle, this transforms into pustule within 24 hours, later it usually ruptures and forms a crust.
Solenopsis ant species
92
median lethal concentration: 10%
CO2
93
median lethal concentration:
| 0.13%
CO
94
median lethal concentration: 0.1%
Cl2
95
median lethal concentration: 0.08
H2S
96
median lethal concentration: 0.02
NO2
97
77. Which symptom is not characteristic to acute kidney failure in ethylene glycol poisoning?
Polyuria/polydipsia
| - oliguria, anuria
98
78. Albendazol mainly has teratogenic effect in this species.
Sheep
99
79. Phomopsin toxicosis can cause severe clinical signs and rapid death.
True
| -mycotoxin
100
80. The polychlorinated biphenyl compounds are acting on the AcCh (acetylcholine) receptors
False
- activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AH receptor)
- same as Dioxins
101
81. In case of brodifacoum poisioning, dose of vitamin K is 1-5 mg/kg(bw) orally, for at least 4 weeks.
True
102
82. This plant contains calcium-oxalate.
```
Daffodil (+ lycorin alkaloisd, + glycoside)
Diffenbachia spp (Dumbcane)
Flamingo flower
Monstera
Philodendrom
```
103
83. Which one is NOT the pathologic sign of the acute fluoride toxicosis?
Plethoric spleen
| - plethoric liver is sign
104
84. Yellow staining of the skin and mucous membrane is the symptom of phenoxyacetic acid toxicosis.
False
- NITROPHENOLS
CHLOROPHENOLS
105
85. Which bipyridil compound can cause watery diarrhoea, dermatitis, corneal damage upon direct contact?
Diquat
106
86. The effects of dithiocarbamate include.
```
Fertility problems
Local irritation
Inhibition of iodine incorporation
- fungicide
+ Peripheral demyelination
Degeneration (skeletal muscle/heart)
Mutagenic, teratogenic, embriotoxic
```
107
87. Which substance can be used for binding ethylene glycol in the gasrointestinal tract?
Activated charcoal but only minimally and for first 30 mins as rapid absorption from stomach
Tx: Fomepizole/ethanol
108
88. Fish are not sensitive for pyrethroid poisoning.
False
109
89. In ethylene glycol poisoning, reasons of kidney failure are the acidic metabolites and the calcium-oxalate crystals in approximately same extent
True
110
90. Which are symptoms typical in anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?
Coagulation time increased (possibly icterus),
| bleedings
111
91. This metal can cause chronic toxicosis in sheep and in certain dog breeds such as in Bedlington terrier.
Copper
112
92. Which compound can be detected using Tompsett test?
Paraquat = blue
| - Na-dithionate
113
93. This compound reactivates acethylcoline-esterase enzyme.
Obidoxime
| - + pralidoxime and asoxime
114
94. Artificial respiration using oxygen or carbogen gas (95% Oxygen / 5% Carbon Dioxide) is useful for both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide poisoning
True
- CO = carbogen
- CO2 = oxygen
- Not hydrogen sulfide, only fresh air
115
95. The cardiotoxic compounds in the snake venom can cause haemolysis, besides of other effects.
True
116
96. What is the pathognomic skin symptom caused by the dioxines toxicosis?
Chloracne
117
97. In case of bromadiolone poisoning, vitamin K should be administered for at least...
3 weeks
- 3-5 mg/kg 14 days
- 1-2 mg/kg 7 days
- 1-2 mg/kg every other day 14 days
118
Thorn apple toxin
Scopalamine
- + Atropine, + hyosciamine
- + Henbane, Deadly nightshade
119
Potato toxins
Solanine (alkaloid)
| - + Solanidine (saponin)
120
Hemlock toxin
Coniine
121
Wolf's spurge toxins
Euforbic acid
Saponine
esters
122
Euforbic acid
Wolf's purge
| Poinsettia
123
Yew toxin
taxin
124
99. Chihuahua is more sensitive for pyrethroids than other dog breeds.
False
- Fish & bee = v. toxic
- cat = more sensitive
125
100. Which substance can be used in eyedrops to induce vomiting in cats?
Not apomorphine
| Not ropirinole
126
101. What can be the pathology finding of the NSAID's toxicosis?
Interstitial nephritis
Gastric ulcers
No clotted blood
127
102. Poisonings by anticoagulant rodenticides are one of the most common intentional toxicoses
True
128
103. A 10% NaHCO3 solution should be applied to the external mucous membranes to reduce the harmful effects of acidic toxic gases.
False
129
104. Dimercaprol is a specific antidote to lead poisoning
False
| - For arsenic and mercury
130
105. The paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis causes methemoglobinaemia in dogs, this will serve the background of the symptoms.
False
- cats
- dogs: hepatic necrosis
131
106. Which antibiotics are forbidden to use in herbivore rodents?
Amoxillin, amox-clav, ampicillin, clindamycin, lincomycin
132
107. The α-latrotoxin is a thermo-sensitive protein.
```
True
- Spider venom: Latrodectus (widow spiders) + Steatoda nobilis
- release of neurotransmitters
(norepinephrine, acetylcholine)
- ascending motor paralysis
- Cats very sensitive
```
133
Bromadiolone is the inhibitor of vitamin K hydrolase epoxide enzyme.
False
| - inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase like Brodifacoum
134
109. Due to inefficient function of glucuronyl transferase, cats are highly sensitive to these substances.
NSAIDs
135
110. Gastro-salivary recirculation is characteristic to theobromine.
True
136
111. This poisoning could lead to hyperthermia.
Organophosphate poisoning
Metaldehyde poisoning
NITROPHENOLS
CHLOROPHENOLS
137
Organophosphate poisoning symptoms
DUMB SLED
| Hyperthermia
138
112. In case of proven phenobarbital toxicosis the administration of the substance must be discontinued immediately and an alternative anticonvulsant agent should be introduced
False
139
113. Which clincal signs are caused in dogs by the venom of Latrodectus spp?
Tonico -clonic convulsion
- + dull muscular pain, hyperesthesia
muscle fasciculation, abdominal muscle rigidity, emesis, dyspnoea, paralysis
140
114. What is characteristic to Bracken fern toxicosis?
Bone marrow damage
Haematuria due to thiaminase
- Ptaquilozid, cyanogenic glycoside = carcinogenic
141
115. Which clinical signs are caused by Angel’s trumpet?
Respiratory paralysis, convulsions
| - Atropine, hyosciamine, scopolamine
142
Atropine, hyosciamine, scopolamine
Angels trumpet
Deadly nightshade
Henbane
Thorn apple
143
116. Which pathological alteration is not characteristic in ethylene glycol toxicosis?
Demyelinisation of peripheral axons
144
Fusarium spp belongs to?
Field mould
145
118. What are the main pathological findings in chlorine gas toxicosis?
Not ulcerative stomatitis
Not the corpse has rotten egg odour
- Hydrogen sulfide = rotten egg
- Chlorine = eye, throat irritation , skin blisters
146
119. Which medicine is useful in the treatment of nitrate-nitrite poisoning?
Methylene blue
147
120. What is a pathological characteristic of paraquat poisoning?
Pulmonary fibrosis
148
121. What is characteristic to phenoxyacetic acid derivatives?
They can alter the taste of poisonous weeds
149
123. Which substance is found in Daffodil spp.?
Glycosides = scillitoxin
Alkaloids = lycorin
- Ca-oxalate
150
124. Which antidote is a chelating agent?
Calcium disodium EDTA
Deferoxamine
D-penicillamine
151
125. Which statement is true for methylxanthines?
They can cause brain oedema
152
126. Which of the following is an insect carbamate?
Propoxur
153
127. Which medicine is useful for bronchodilation from this list?
Aminophylline
154
129. Which statement is true for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
They don't cause serious CNS signs
They are excreted primarily in changed form, glucoronidation
They cause decrease platelet aggregation
Cause gastric ulcers
Cause interstitial nephritis
Cause hepatopathy
155
130. Which is a clinical symptom of metaldehyde poisoning?
Ataxia, tremors
Hyperthermia
Transient blindness
- Molluscicide
156
List 3 groups methylxanthines and where each occurs
Theobromine: chocolate, cola, tea
Theophylline: bronchodilator
Caffeine: coffee, tea, cola
157
Colourless, strongly irritating gas with characteristic odour
Sulphur dioxide: sharp
Ammonium: sharp
Hydrogen sulphide: rotten egg
158
It is produced during the decompostion of organic materials with high Nitrogen content
Ammonium
159
It causes acid production on mucosa because because of moist
Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Chlorine gas
160
Toxic gas with characteristic colour that is heavier than air
Nitrogen dioxide = light brownish
Chlorine gas = yellow/green
- both have bleach smell
161
High amount is produced during silage
Nitrogen dioxide
162
Gases heavier than air
```
Chlorine gas
Nitrogen dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulphide
Sulphur dioxide
```
163
Gases that have bleach like smell
Chlorine gas
| Nitrogen dioxide
164
Responsible for the activation of the following coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X ?
Vitamin k
165
Inactive vitamin K epoxide is reactivated by?
Vitamin K epoxide reductase enzyme
166
Vitamin K is inactivated and turned into?
Vitmain K epoxide
167
Rodenticides inhibit?
vitamin K epoxide reductase
168
Rodenticides can damage?
coagulation factor synthesis
169
How do rodenticides cause bleedings?
Through capillary endothel damage
170
Rodenticide antidote and dose for small and large animals?
Vitamin K can be given as an antidote generally in a dose of 3-5 mg/kg for small animals , while in 0.5-1 mg/kg for large animals
171
Route of administration vitamin k?
PO or SC because some of the product causes anaphylactic reaction if given IV
172
Why don't you give vit k IM? Which is preferred route?
Can cause bleeding
| PO or SC
173
132. Which medicine is useful in the treatment of poisoning caused by amphibians?
Benzodiazepenes
| Atropine
174
This substance is routinely used to enhance urinary elimination of toxic substances.
Ringer lactate intravenous infusion
175
134. Which mechanism of action is characteristic to the aflatoxins?
Aflatoxins have carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive properties
176
136. What is not characteristic to anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?
Severe haemorrhagic enteritis
- Increased coagulation time (possibly icterus)
- bleedings (eye, nose, gingiva), haematomas
177
137. What is characteristic to volatile oils?
Chemically versatile group that causes toxicosis only in higher doses
178
138. Which medicine is useful in the treatment of cyanide poisoning?
NaNO2
| Na2S2O3
179
139. Which mechanism of action is characteristic to nitrate-nitrite?
It causes dilation of blood vessels via nitrogen monoxide liberation
180
140. Which infusion would you recommend in ethylene glycol toxicosis?
NaHCO3 and Ringer lactate
181
141. Which of the following mechanisms of effect is characteristic to zinc?
It causes haemolytic anemia after absorption
182
143. Which clinical symptom is characteristic to hydrogen sulphide toxicosis?
Irritation, drowsiness, nausea, coma, asphyxiation, death
| - Rotten egg smell and dark green corpse (metal sulfide saltts)
183
144. Which of the following mechanisms of effect is characteristic to lead?
It binds to the sulfhydryl groups of proteins
184
145. During the metabolism of organophosphates, the following process causes the increase of the toxicity of the substance?
Substitution of sulphur with oxygen
185
146. Which substance is an alkaloid?
Colchicine
- Autumn crocus 0.8%
- Salivation, GI symptoms (vomiting, bloody, watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain)
- Gloriosa spp 0.3%
- Numb mouth & GI as above, cardiotoxicity,
- Whole plant, seed, bulb especially
186
Autumn crocus treatment
GI decontamination:
emesis/gastric lavage, charcoal, saline purgatives
Symptomatic therapy:
fluid/electrolyte, atropine, demulcents
respiratory stimulants, liver protecting, AB
- Colchicine (alkaloid)
187
Gloriosa spp treatment
GI decontamination
Symptomatic and supportive therapy:
coating drugs, fluid replacement, analgesics, EPO
188
Cyanoglycosides containing plants
Ornamentals: Sudan, sorghum spp., Johnson grass, vetch, bean spp, pea spp,
Weeds: Elderberry
Fruits: Bitter almond, flax, prunus spp (apricot)
- Hydrolysis by enzyme = HCN
189
Henbane, deadly nightshade, thorn apple toxic part
Whole plant especially leaves and seeds
| - Atropine, scopolamine, hyosciamine
190
Diffenbachia spp. toxic part?
Whole plant especially leaves
191
Hemlock toxin and toxic part?
Coniine
| Young plant, root, seed
192
Larkspur toxin
Delphinine
| -Whole plant
193
Lily of the Valley toxin
Convallatoxin, saponine, volatile oil
194
Lupin toxin and pathological effect?
```
spartein, lupinine, lupanine
anagirin (teratogenic effect)
tannin, protease inhibitor, lectin
+ phomopsin
Hepatogenous photosensitivity
```
195
Potato part of plant toxic?
Whole plant especially berry
196
Yew, part of plant toxic?
Entire plant except red seed coat
197
Lily of the valley part of plant
Flowers and leaves
198
Sweet clover toxin, part, animal, effect
Coumarin = methylene-bis-oxycoumarin
Whole plant
Cows
Coagulopathy
199
Rhododendron toxin, effect
Grayanotoxin = andromedotoxin
Entire plant especially honey = mad honey
Bradycardia, CNS (tremors, convulsions)
Na-channel, delayed depolarization
200
Which plants have coumarin glycoside?
Hydrangea spp = hydrangin
| - GI
201
T-2 toxin (all species)
GI tract
202
Ochratoxin (su)
Urinary tract
203
Zearalenone (su)
Reproductive organs
204
Fumonisin (eq)
Nervous system
| - leukencephalomalacia (rare in pigs)
205
Satratoxin (eq)
GI tract
206
Aflatoxin (all species)
Liver
207
Ergoline alkaloids (eq,ov)
Nervous system
208
Fumonisin (su)
Lung
| - pulmonary oedema
209
Slaframine (and swainsonine)
Slobbers
| Salivation, lacrimation
210
Ergot alkaloids, which part and which species most affected?
Ear of corn, seed (rye/other cereal/grass)
| Cattle, poultry (horse, sheep)
211
Groundsel and ragweed toxin and effect?
pyrrolizidine alkaloid: Retrorzin, riddelin, jakobin
| Liver damage, hepatogenous photosensitivity & CNS (hepatic encephalopathy)
212
Ergopeptine alkaloids
ergotamine, ergocristine
213
Poison ingesting:
Shellfish (from dinoflagellate)
Danaus butterfly
Polar bear (from seal)
214
Poison producing:
Fish
Amphibians
Millipedes (Chilognathia)
