Past Questions 2

Question 1

Most common bacteria in diarrhoeic syndrome of calves?

Answer 1

E. coli - enterotoxamic form from 4th day of life

Salmonella dublin - from 2nd week of life, stincky faeces

Clostridium perfringens - enterotoxaemia

Question 2

Most common bacteria in diarrhoeic syndrome of calves?

Answer 2

Rotavirus and Coronavirus

Question 3

Cryptosporidium in diarrhoeic syndrome?

Answer 3

Subclinical,can become worse if mixed

Question 4

Maximum fluid for severe dehydration in diarrhoeic syndrome?

Answer 4

10L

Question 5

Minimum fluid for diarrhoeic syndrome?

Answer 5

3-6L/day

Question 6

In fluid therapy, can it be mixed with milk?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

Maximum amount of bicarbonate which can be given in diarrhoeic syndrome?

Answer 7

40g/day

40g more than 8 days
20g if less tham 8 days

Question 8

Where do you perform fluid therapy for diarrhoeic syndrome?

Answer 8

Vein (ear vein in calf)
* v. jugularis
* v. auricularis

8,4% NaCHO3 5ml/kg in severe acidosis
5,84% NaCl 10ml/kg in mild acidosis

Question 9

When do you use antibiotics in diarrhoeic syndrome?

Answer 9

Always, Never (…….)
* Severe sickness, recumbency
* Animals with secondary infection (RS,Navel)
* Sepsis (fever, hypothermia)
* E.coli infection
* Casual therapy

Question 10

What happens to value of blood urea in diarrhoeic syndrome?

Answer 10

Increases (to 18.5, normal= 2-5.5mmol/l)

Question 11

When can you give per os rehydration to calf?

Answer 11

When suckling reflex presents and strong

Question 12

Lab findings in diarrhoeic syndrome?

Answer 12

Metabolic acidosis
(Dehydration, hypoglycemia)

Question 13

Treatment of diarrhoeic syndrome?

Answer 13

Symptomatic

Question 14

How many types of BVDV are internationally recognised?

Answer 14

2 (Type I and Type II)

Question 15

When do we treat all animals for BRD (Metaphylaxis)?

Answer 15

When 10% of calves have been treated for more than 3 consecutive days and 25% of calves require treatment on a single day

Question 16

Prophylaxis - definition, when should be given etc.?

Answer 16

Definition = Measure taken to maintain health, prevent disease and protect against infection
Given = when ATB are administered to a herd at risk of disease outbreak

Question 17

Metaphylaxis - definition?

Answer 17

Definition = when anti-microbial are administered to clinically healthy animals belonging to same group of animals with CS, Infections treated before clinical appearance.
Based on healthy, ill, vaccinated etc

Question 18

3 common bacteria of BRD?

Answer 18

1. M. haemolytica
2. P. multocida
3. H. somni

Others: A. pyogenes,Chlamydiaceae sp., BHV-1, BRSV, PI-3, BVDV 1+2, Bovine corona virus, adenovirus, IBR, lungworm and Aspergillus

Question 19

Main predisposing factors to BRD?

Answer 19

Age, health status, immunity, stress, environment, epidemiological factors, dehydration

Question 20

Why must treatment be prompt in BRD?

Answer 20

Prevent chronically affected, death etc.
Prevent extensive/irreversible lung damage
Better response to treatment

Question 21

Predisposing factors of lung anatomy of BRD development?

Answer 21

Small lungs/ Smaller mass
Shorter/Smaller tidal volume = Large volume of dead space
Highly segmented with interlobular septa
decreased collateral ventilation>Atelectasis >Hypoxic vasoconstriciton
increased resistance, thick, poorly elastic pleura

Question 22

3 goals of BRD treatment?

Answer 22

Inhibit bacterial growth
modulate inflammatory response,
alter mechanical and functional disorders

Question 23

Rehydration fluid volume per day?

Answer 23

3 x 2L

Same with milk but never mix
wait a few hours between milk and other fluids

Question 24

Predominant site of diarrhea syndrome in calves?

Answer 24

Small intestine

Question 25

Creatinine in diarrhoea?

Answer 25

Light diarrhoea = 95 umol/l (norm = <106) Severe diarrhoea = increased creatinine (244 umol/l)

Question 26

Aims of ancillary treatment of BRD?

Answer 26

1. Rapid alleviation of symptoms 2. Aid repair of damaged lung 3. Prevent further damage to lung tissue 4. Improve lung function 5. Improve immune function 6. Regulation of body temperature 7. Stimulation feed intake (minimise economic loss)

Question 27

Where is the most common location of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 27

Reticulum

Question 28

What does Hoflund syndrome cause?

Answer 28

1. Obvious abdominal dilatation in L shape 2. Decreased appetite and defecation 3. Normal or increased rumen contraction 4. Progressive apathy 5. Bradycardia 6. Dehydration 7. Enophtalamus

Question 29

Mineral levels in acute tympany - Free Gas Bloat

Answer 29

Decreased Calcium Ca and Magnesium Mg Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesium

Question 30

Treatment of oesophageal obstruction?

Answer 30

Gastric tube, Endoscopy

Question 31

Determining different kinds of bloat?

Answer 31

1. Frothy bloat = Ruminal drinking - calves 2. Free gas bloat = Hypocalcemia 3. Fluid and Gas bloat = DA

Question 32

Predisposing factors of tympany?

Answer 32

Genetic predisposition

Question 33

Treatment of abomasal displacement?

Answer 33

**Rumenotomy** LAD = Rolling, toggling, PC abomasopoxy, laparotomy, omentopoxy RAD = Surgical correction, laparotomy, omentopoxy

Question 34

Rumination contractions/activity of Hoflund syndrome?

Answer 34

Normal or Increased

Question 35

Diagnosis of abomasal displacement?

Answer 35

Double auscultation

Question 36

Hyperkalaemia in tympany or Hoflund syndrome?

Answer 36

Tympany?

Question 37

Predisposition for abomasal displacemant/Aetiology (most common) of abomasal displacement?

Answer 37

**Ketosis**, Ruminal acidosis, retained foetal membranes

Question 38

Tympany caused by inability to?

Answer 38

**Eructate**, swallow or increased salivation

Question 39

Hypersalivation in tympany?

Answer 39

Oesophageal obstruction

Question 40

Diagnostics of Frothy Bloat?

Answer 40

Gastric tube, USG and auscultation

Question 41

Diagnosis of Bloat?

Answer 41

1. Free gas bloat = Oesophageal passage, trochar 2. Fluid and gas bloat = DA 3. Frothy bloat = Silicans

Question 42

Nerve etiology for bloat and clinical picture?

Answer 42

* N. Vagus * Cannot eructate

Question 43

Paradoxic aciduria? In which syndromes can it be seen?

Answer 43

Abomasal displacement, Hoflund syndrome (Vagus indigestion - Vagotony), Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP - Hardware disease)

Question 44

Pathogenesis in pasteurellosis/site of infection?

Answer 44

Ciliary epithelium

Question 45

Topical treatment of endometritis?

Answer 45

Antibiotic Non-Antibiotic (antiseptic, enzymatic) and hormonal Absolutely or combination with hormones Intrauterine (local) application Parenteral application (About structure of ATB, status of endometrial wall, applied topically are irritants)

Question 46

Something to do with corpus luteum?

Answer 46

* In pyometra - presence of persistent CL on ovary * Diagnosis of endometritis - rectal palpation of uterus (can't feel structures, USG - CL (100% effective) * Hormonal therapy - PF2a (Luteolytic effect), Causes regression of CL

Question 47

Follicular cyst?

Answer 47

Thin walled Lutenized Estrogen production

Question 48

Fertilization ability of oocytes is normally?

Answer 48

90%

Question 49

Embryonic death is the loss of embryo?

Answer 49

* 1-2months of gestation - early embryonic death * 1st 42 days of gestation

Question 50

Embryo is most resistan to the action of the teratogens?

Answer 50

In first few weeks ?Before implantation?

Question 51

Ovarian cysts are?

Answer 51

Dynamic structures larger > 2,5cm, persisting at least 20 days on ovary

Question 52

Interferon (INF-tau) produced by embryo(do in pregnancy)?

Answer 52

Stimulates production of proteins from endometrial glands Signals mother is pregnang, prevent luteolysis

Question 53

Luteal cysts are?

Answer 53

Thick - Walled, luteinized, progesterone production

Question 54

Acute puerperal metritis is?

Answer 54

Inflammation of uterine myometrium and perimetrium

Question 55

Treatment of cysts?

Answer 55

Follicular = GnRH Luteal = PGF2a Puerperal cyst treated > 20d post partum

Question 56

Aetiology of endometritis during early postpartum period are also involved these bacteria?

Answer 56

E.coli

Question 57

For the diagnosis of endometritis has to be done?

Answer 57

* Anamnestic exam * Rectal exam * Vaginoscopy * USG * Histological examination * Cytology * Bacteriology

Question 58

Infusion of non-antibiotic, antiseptic solutions into the uterus after partus?

Answer 58

Irritates the mucosa of endometrium

Question 59

Follicular growth during pregnancy?

Answer 59

Continues - diameter of dominant follicles is decreased, because LH pulsativity is decreased during late pregnancy

Question 60

Extreme LH pulses and lack of LH releases is associated with?

Answer 60

Development of functional ovarian disorders

Question 61

Blood concentration of IGF-1, insulin and leptin are?

Answer 61

Higher in cows with positive energy balance

Question 62

Antiluteolytic strategy includes also:

Answer 62

Increased rate of growth of CL Increased luteal phase progesterone Increase in anti-lutelytic stimulation by germline unit Decrease in luteolytic response by matenal unit

Question 63

Which of these agents cause abortion?

Answer 63

Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 64

Phase of parturition is opening of cervix and swollen vulva?

Answer 64

Phase 1

Question 65

Which phase of parturition is the passage of foetus through the pelvic canal?

Answer 65

Phase 2

Question 66

Expulsion of the placenta?

Answer 66

Phase 3

Question 67

What is abortion?

Answer 67

Premature expulsion of foetus from dam and usually occurs cos foetus has died in utero ( or incapable of independent life) Premature initiation of parturition when normal relationship between foetus and dam failed

Question 68

What happens to the pin bone?

Answer 68

Loosing of ligaments

Question 69

What happens if there is no good preparation for delivery?

Answer 69

Abnormal or problematic delivery

Question 70

If there is not good preparation for calving?

Answer 70

Difficult deliveries,C-sections, Weak calves, Calf scours, poor calf crops

Question 71

Question about pteparation for pregnancy?

Answer 71

Migration of immune cells into udder to form colostrum

Question 72

What happens to the udder before parturition... something with minerals?

Answer 72

Movement of ATBs from cows bloodstream into udder to form colostrum

Question 73

What hormones does foetus produce for parturition?

Answer 73

Cortisol

Question 74

As the fetus approaches full term?

Answer 74

Progesterone decline Estrogen increase

Question 75

Leptin, IL-1 are increased in?

Answer 75

Positive energy balance

Question 76

When do teratogens cause the most severe effect?

Answer 76

Before implantation, first few weeks, more than 20 days

Question 77

Common bacteria in first stage of pregnancy?

Answer 77

E. coli

Question 78

What layers are affected by acute puerperal metritis?

Answer 78

Endometrium Endometrium to stratum spongiosum Myometrium