Past questions Flashcards by Henriette Wisnes

What is the most toxic part of Poinsettia?

a. Sap
b. Both
c. Neither
d. Leaf

b. Both

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Which mechanism of action is characteristic to Colinum maculatum?

a. Its toxin inhibit the effect of glycine in the spinal cord
b. Its toxin inhibits the function of Na-K-ATPase in the plasma membrane
c. Its toxin binds to alpha-2 receptors and causes constriction to smooth muscle
d. Its toxin binds to synapses and causes nicotine-like effects

d. Its toxin binds to synapses and causes nicotine-like effects

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Which substance is found in Bleeding heart?

a. Palustrin
b. Pseudocolchicine
c. Phytolaccine
d. Protopine

d. Protopine

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Which clinical signs are caused in animals by the venom of the Centruroides spp?

a. Neither
b. Both
c. Local pain, swelling
d. Paralysis of respiratory muscle

b. Both

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Which plants can cause hepatogenous photosensitivity?

a. Sweet clover spp.
b. Monkshood spp.
c. Lupine spp.
d. Sambucus spp.

c. Lupine spp.

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Which mould fungi produce aflatoxins?

a. Aspergillus spp.
b. Fusarium spp.
c. Phomopsis spp.
d. Penicillum spp.

a. Aspergillus spp.

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Which clinical feature is characteristic to hydrogen sulphide toxicosis?

a. Hard breathing
b. Lacrimation, nasal discharge
c. Both
d. Neither

c. Both

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Which compound accumulates in the bones?

a. Organochlorines
b. Selenium
c. Lead
d. Copper

c. Lead

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Which statement is true for anticoagulant rodenticides?

a. Neither
b. They cause poisonings most frequently as a toxic bait
c. Both
d. The toxicity of drugs of the 2nd generation is much more pronounced

c. Both

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Which mechanism of action is characteristic to nitrate-nitrite?

a. Hydroxylamine produced from them interferes with transaminations
b. It induces production of nitrosamines in the stomach
c. Neither
d. Both

d. Both

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Which infusion would you recommend in ethylene glycol toxicosis?

a. Ringer lactate
b. NaHCO3 and Ringer lactate
c. No infusion is needed, it can also be contraindicated
d. Potassium rich infusions

b. NaHCO3 and Ringer lactate

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Which mechanism of action of NOT characteristic to ethylene glycol?

a. It binds with ionised calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals
b. Inhibits the function of alcohol dehydrogenase
c. Its acidic metabolites cause acidosis
d. Is passes through the blood-brain barrier

b. Inhibits the function of alcohol dehydrogenase

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In ethylene glycol toxicosis which substance is not directly toxic for the kidney?

a. Ethylene glycol
b. Glycolic acid
c. Calcium oxalate
d. Glioxilic acid

a. Ethylene glycol

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Which antidote is useful in copper poisoning?

a. Pralidoxime
b. Dimercaprol
c. Deferoxamine
d. D-penicillamine

d. D-penicillamine

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Which statement is true to nitrate-nitrite?

a. Both
b. Neither
c. It blocks the function of haemoglobin synthesise
d. It produces nitrosamines in the stomach

d. It produces nitrosamines in the stomach

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What is characteristic to the kinetic profile of zearalenone?

a. Zeranol is the anabolic metabolite of zearalenone
b. Neither
c. Both
d. The luminal microflora can metabolise zearalenone

c. Both

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Which medicine is useful in the treatment of poisoning caused by viper snakes?

a. Hepatoprotective agents
b. Apomorphine
c. Aodium sulphate
d. Antivenin

d. Antivenin

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Which of the following mechanisms of effect is characteristic to copper?

a. Binds to the sulfhydril groups of proteins
b. Damages the mucous membranes because of complex formation and acidic pH
c. Causes severe vasodilation
d. Causes lipid per oxidation in the membrane of erythrocytes and lysosomes

d. Causes lipid per oxidation in the membrane of erythrocytes and lysosomes

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Which statement is true?

a. Ferri compounds are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
b. The toxicological effect of arsenic can be explained by its binding to lipids
c. The liver can store a large amount of copper
d. The alkyl mercury derivatives can cause CNS excitement in each animal species

c. The liver can store a large amount of copper

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What kind of treatment would you use in metaldehydd poisoning?

a. Barbiturates
b. D-penicillamine
c. Ethanol
d. Pralidoxim

a. Barbiturates

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Which antidote is useful in organophosphate poisoning?

a. Sodium thiosulphate
b. Acetylcysteine
c. Atropine sulphate
d. 4-methylpirazole

c. Atropine sulphate

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Which statement is true for non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs?

a. They are well absorbed from the stomach and small intestine
b. Both
c. They inhibit the aggregation of thrombocytes
d. Neither

b. Both

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Which substance or group of substances causes a yellow colour of hair, intestinal epithelium, and stomach-gut content?

a. Paraquat
b. Nitrophenols
c. Diquat
d. Thiram

b. Nitrophenols

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Characteristics of the toxicokinetics of organophosphates:

a. They are always inactivated in the liver during metabolism
b. Excellent absorption from the skin
c. They do not cross the blood brain barrier
d. They are eliminated quickly with the urine

b. Excellent absorption from the skin

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What is characteristic to glycosides? a. Chemically versatile group that causes toxicosis only in higher doses b. They consist of sugar-free part and a sugar-component c. Basic substances containing nitrogen d. Proteins or polypeptides with high toxicity

b. They consist of sugar-free part and a sugar-component

Which antibiotic is PROHIBITED in guinea pigs? a. Enrofloxacin b. Marbofloxacin c. Cefalexin d. Cindamycin

d. Cindamycin

To which binds carbon monoxide in the blood stream? a. To globulin b. To the surface of erythrocytes c. To albumin d. To haemoglobin

d. To haemoglobin

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to hydrogen sulphide? a. Damages the erythrocyte membrane b. Causes spasm of glottis c. Causes local irritation and cytotoxic anoxia d. It is due to the sulphur atoms of glutathione that its level decreases

c. Causes local irritation and cytotoxic anoxia

Which of the following is an organochlorine substance? a. Amitraz b. Endosulphan c. Diazinon d. Parathion

b. Endosulphan

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to phenoxyacetic acid derivates? a. Because they inhibit the re-uptake of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the relaxation time is delayed b. Inhibit the oxidation of acetaldehyde c. Participate in NADPH-dependent redox process d. Inhibit oxidative phosphorilation

a. Because they inhibit the re-uptake of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the relaxation time is delayed

Which antibiotic is PROHIBITED in hamsters? a. Enrofloxacin b. Ciprofloxacin c. Cefalexin d. Lincomycin

d. Lincomycin

What is the most toxic part of Flamingo flower a. Flower b. Leaf c. Berry d. Root

b. Leaf

Which type of accumulation is characteristic to organophosphate? a. Biological accumulation b. Physical accumulation c. Chemical accumulation d. Accumulation in the food-chain

a. Biological accumulation

Which is considered a "lethal synthesis" in the liver? a. Diazoxon is formed from diazinon b. Malathion is formed from parathion c. Diazinon is formed from diazoxon d. Parathion is formed from malathion

a. Diazoxon is formed from diazinon

Which of the following is the most toxic substance of plant origin? a. Alkaloids b. Metallic substances c. Dyes of plant origin d. Chelate-forming substances

a. Alkaloids

Which clinical signs are caused by butterfly toxins? a. Erythema and blister can be seen on the skin b. The hairs of butterflies induce irritation and pruritus of the skin c. Neither d. Both

d. Both

Which is NOT a clinical sign of diazinon toxicosis? a. Bradycardia b. Miosis c. Paraparesis, paralysis d. Broncheconstriction, dyspnoea

c. Paraparesis, paralysis

Which clinical signs are characteristic to urea poisoning? a. Severe colic b. Neither c. Incoordination, staggering d. Both

d. Both

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to nitrophenols? a. Inhibit the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase b. Inhibit oxidative phosphorylation c. Because they inhibit the re-uptake of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the relaxation time is delayed d. Inhibit the activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylate in the brain

b. Inhibit oxidative phosphorylation

Which plant is known to cause damage primarily to the nervous system? a. Hemlock b. Vetch spp. c. Redroot pigweed d. Poinsettia

a. Hemlock

Which statement is true for methylxanthines? a. In higher doses mainly the nervous system and the kidney are damaged b. Inhibit conductance in the heart c. Cause methaemoglobin formation d. They increase mucous secretion in the stomach

a. In higher doses mainly the nervous system and the kidney are damaged

Which antidote is useful in ethylene glycol poisoning? a. Acetylcysteine b. DImercaprol c. Ethanol d. Pralidoxime

c. Ethanol

Which clinical feature is characteristic to carbon dioxide toxicosis? a. Abdominal pain b. The blood has a cherry red discolouration c. Hypoxaemia, convulsions, ataxia d. Expired air has garlic-like odour

c. Hypoxaemia, convulsions, ataxia

Which clinical sign is NOT characteristic to poisoning caused by acids? a. Respiratory distress b. Coagulative necrosis c. Convulsions d. Vomiting

a. Respiratory distress

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to thiram? a. Inhibits oxydative phosphorylation b. It increases the tone of voluntary muscles, causing myotonia c. Has mutagenic and teratogenic effects d. Leads to extensive liquid influx from the tissues into the intestinal lumen

c. Has mutagenic and teratogenic effects

Which alkaloid is found in Angel's trumpet? a. Pirrolizidine b. Tropane c. Kinolizidine d. Isoquinolone

b. Tropane

What is NOT a clinical feature of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning? a. Severe haemorrhage gastroenteritis b. Anaemia c. Haematoma d. Haemorrhages in the body cavities

a. Severe haemorrhage gastroenteritis

Application of fenthion can produce the following clinical signs in cats: a. Tachycardia, mydriasis, tremors, convulsions b. Bradycardia, salivation, diarrhoea, urination, tremors, convulsions c. Sedation, salivation, vomiting, hypothermia d. Paraparesis, polydipsia, polyuria

b. Bradycardia, salivation, diarrhoea, urination, tremors, convulsions

Which medicine is useful in the treatment of nitrate-nitrite poisoning? a. Neither b. Vasoconstrictor agents c. Both d. Methylene blue

c. Both

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to sulphur dioxide? a. Neither b. Inhibits respiratory enzyme c. Stimulates the receptors of gloms caroticum d. Both

a. Neither

Which administration route has usually the lowest LD50 values among these? a. Intravenous b. Subcutaneous c. Intramuscular d. Oral

a. Intravenous

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to metaldehyde? a. Neither b. Decreasing the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synapses c. Severe irritation of the gastrointestinal tract d. Both

d. Both

Which is a clinical feature of NSAID toxicosis? a. Gastric and duodenal ulcers b. Neither c. Kidney necrosis, interstitial nephritis d. Both

d. Both

Which is a clinical feature of NSAID toxicosis? a. Acute renal failure b. Lung oedema c. Behavioural signs d. Strychnine-like convulsions

a. Acute renal failure

Which is NOT a clinical feature of inorganic mercury toxicosis? a. Haemolysis b. Abdominal pain c. Profuse, bloody diarrhoea c. Intensive vomiting

a. Haemolysis

How can the elimination of an acidic substance be facilitated via the kidney? a. Alkalising the urine with Vitamin C b. Acidifying urine with NaHCO3 c. Acidifying the urine with methionin d. Alkalizing the urine with NaHCO3

d. Alkalizing the urine with NaHCO3

Which antidote can be used in lead toxicosis? a. Dimercaprol b. Acetylcysteine c. Ca-Na-EDTA d. Pralidoxim

c. Ca-Na-EDTA

Which substance is found in Daffodil spp.? a. Alkaloids b. Both c. Neither d. Glycosides

b. Both

Which substance is found in Larkspur spp.? a. Delfinine b. Digitonin c. Diterpene ester d. Desgluco-hellebrine

a. Delfinine

Which factor can influence the absorption of the xenobiotics from the gastrointestinal tract? a. The lipid content of the feed b. Neither c. Both d. The pH value of the certain part of the gastrointestinal tract

c. Both

Which clinical signs are caused by the venom of Centruroides spp? a. Local pain, swelling b. Paralysis of respiratory muscles c. Both d. Neither

c. Both

Which of the following is the most toxic substance of plant origin? a. Chelate-forming substances b. Glycosides c. Metallic substances d. Dyes of plant origin

b. Glycosides

After which time period are the clinical signs of Hemlock poisoning seen? a. 1 month b. 0.5 - 2 hours c. 24 hours d. 1 week

b. 0.5 - 2 hours

Which medicine is NOT useful in the treatment of acid poisoning? a. Antibiotic b. Sodium bicarbonate c. Gastric lavage d. MAgnesium oxide

c. Gastric lavage

What is the clinical characteristic of zearalenone poisoning? a. Nervous syndrome b. Disturbed oestrus cycle c. Pulmonary edema d. Gastrointestinal symptoms

b. Disturbed oestrus cycle

Which of the following is an organochlorine substance? a. Endosulphan b. Parathion c. Amitraz c. Diazinon

a. Endosulphan

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to calcium disodium EDTA? a. It inhibits the function of osteoclast cells b. It makes a complex with the poison c. It binds the oxalate d. It helps detoxification of the poison

b. It makes a complex with the poison

In which poisoning can the following signs be seen: Liquefaction necrosis, oedema at the injured area, alkalosis? a. Neither b. Alkali poisoning c. Acid poisoning d. Both

b. Alkali poisoning

The patient is highly sensitive to the toxic effects of NSAIDS if... a. It has renal failure b. It is anaemic c. It has liver failure d. It has heart failure

a. It has renal failure

Which animal species is the most sensitive to deoxynivalenol? a. Cattle b. Poultry c. Horse d. Swine

d. Swine

Which toxin can be found in Hemlock?

Coniine

Which toxin can be found in Yew?

Taxin

Which toxin can be found in Larkspur?

Delphinine

Which toxin can be found in Purple foxglove?

Digoxin

Which toxin can be found in Diffenbachia spp.?

Calcium-oxalate

Which toxin can be found in Potato?

Solanine

Which species is the most sensitive to Garlic?

Dogs

Which species is the most sensitive to carbamide / NPN?

Cattle

Which species is the most sensitive to Ethylene-glycol?

Cats and dogs

Which species is the most sensitive to Fluoride?

Cattle

Which species is the most sensitive to Salt?

Swine

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Satratoxin?

Gastrointestinal tract

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Penitrem?

Nervous system

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Phomopsin?

Liver

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Zearalenon?

Genitals

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Ochratoxin?

Kidney

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Aflatoxin?

Liver

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Fumonisin?

Nervous system

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of T-2 toxin?

Gastrointestinal tract

How can iron-dextran be administered, and in which animal species is this iron supplement frequently used?

Intramuscularly for piglets for iron deficiency

What is the toxicity (mg/kg LD50) for the toxicity category: 1. Extremely toxic

<5 mg/kg LD50

What is the toxicity (mg/kg LD50) for the toxicity category: 2. Highly toxic

5 - 50 mg/kg LD50

What is the toxicity (mg/kg LD50) for the toxicity category: 3. Moderately toxic

50 - 300 mg/kg LD50

What is the toxicity (mg/kg LD50) for the toxicity category: 4. Slightly toxic

300 - 2000 mg/kg LD50

What is the toxicity (mg/kg LD50) for the toxicity category: 5. Practically non-toxic

2000 - 5000 mg/kg LD50

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to metaldehydd? a. Decreasing the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synapses b. Severe irritation of the GI tract c. Both d. Neither

c. Both

Which medicine is useful in the treatment of zearaleonone poisoning? a. Atropine b. Domperidone (dopamine antagonist) c. Prostaglandin F2-alpha d. Oestradiol

c. Prostaglandin F2-alpha

Which medicine is useful in the treatment of poisoning by sweet clover? a. Both b. Blood transfusion c. Neither d. Calcium products

a. Both

What kind of treatment would you apply in paracetamol toxicosis? a. Acetylcysteine b. Neither c. VItamin C d. Both

d. Both

Which plant is known to cause kidney damage?

Lamb's quarter

Which is a toxicosis of human source?

Industrial contaminants

Which substance of group of substances cause yellow collar of hair, intestinal epithelium and stomach-gut content?

Nitrophenols

What is the effect of the venom of viper snakes? a. Neither b. Both c. Neurotoxic d. Cardiotoxic

b. Both

Which statement is true to passive diffusion? a. Neither b. Both c. The lipid soluble and non-ionised molecules can pass through the membrane d. The energy source of this process is the concentration gradient

b. Both

Which compound is found in formica spp.?

Formic acid

What is a clinical characteristic of acute diquat poisoning? a. Severe diarrhoea b. Pronounced thirst c. Neither d. Both

d. Both

What is the recommended dose of deferoxamine in iron poisoning? a. 5 mg/kgbw b. 10 mg/kgbw c. 20 mg/kgbw d. 50 mg/kgbw

c. 20 mg/kgbw

Which clinical signs are caused by Bleeding heart? a. Both b. Opisthotonus c. Neither d. Hyperexitability

a. Both

Pralidoxim in the case of diazinon toxicosis...

Has to be administered intramuscularly within 24 hours of exposure

An antidote that is a chelating agent

Dimercaprol

Which pathological alterations is characteristic in urea poisoning? a. Neither b. Both c. Pulmonary oedema, congested lungs, liver dystrophy d. High alkaline pH of rumen

b. Both

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to nitrate-nitrite?

The methemoglobin formed is not capable of transporting oxygen

What may be the causes of teratogenic alterations? a. Lead b. Organic mercury c. Both d. Neither

c. Both

Which type of accumulation is characteristic to organophosphates?

Biological accumulation

Which compounds causes perforation of gastrointestinal tract after oral intake? a. Acids b. Alkalis c. Both d. Neither

c. Both

Which statement is NOT true for anticoagulant rodenticides? a. Pregnant and suckling animals are extremely sensitive to them b. They accumulate in the body after multiple uptake c. Poisoning can happen after the ingestion of poisoned rats d. Their toxicity is the same after single and multiple uptake

d. Their toxicity is the same after single and multiple uptake

Characteristic of the toxicokinetics of organophosphates: a. They do not cross the blood brain barrier b. They are always inactivated in the liver during metabolism c. Excellent absorption from the skin d. They are eliminated quickly with the urine

c. Excellent absorption from the skin

What is characteristic to diquat? a. On the skin it causes contact dermatitis with erythema b. Deferoxamin can be applied as antidote c. Rigor mortis develops fast d. Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver

a. On the skin it causes contact dermatitis with erythema

Which drug can be used in the treatment of organochlorine poisoning a. Atropine b. Fomepizole c. Diazepam d. Furosemide

c. Diazepam

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to Redroot pigweed? a. It's component decreases the amount of calcium ions in the blood b. It's component binds to cytochrome oxidase in the mitochondria c. It's component inhibits Na-K-ATPase in the cell membrane d. It's component binds to muscarinic type receptors

a. It's component decreases the amount of calcium ions in the blood

Which clinical signs are caused by Monkshood spp.? a. Neither b. Salivation, nausea c. Both d. Cardiac arrhythmias

c. Both

Which animal organisms contain ciguatoxin? a. Toad b. Lizard c. Fish d. Scorpion

c. Fish

Which statement is true to nitrate-nitrite? a. Neither b. Both c. Nitrate can be converted to nitrite also in infected wells and stored drinking water d. Nitrite inhibits the function of methemoglobin reductase

c. Nitrate can be converted to nitrite also in infected wells and stored drinking water

Which statement is true? a. The specific antidote for lead toxicosis is the pralidoxime b. Selenium plays an important role in the antioxidant protection of the body c. The toxicological effect of arsenic can be explained by its binding to lipids d. Copper inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles thus causing CNS signs

b. Selenium plays an important role in the antioxidant protection of the body

Which statement is true? a. During elimination, the lipophilic compounds are more readily excreted via the kidney b. Those compounds can be absorbed readily from the GIT which have high lipoid-water distribution coefficient c. Lipophilicity is advantageous for absorption through the lung d. The lipophilicity of xenobiotics does not help the transportation through the blood-brain barrier

b. Those compounds can be absorbed readily from the GIT which have high lipoid-water distribution coefficient

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to carbon monoxide? a. Inhibits methaemoglobin reductase b. Binds irreversibly to haemoglobin c. Binds reversibly to haemoglobin, rendering it incapable of oxygen transport d. Irritates respiratory epithelium

c. Binds reversibly to haemoglobin, rendering it incapable of oxygen transport

Which of the following mechanism of effect is characteristic to mercury? a. Binds to the sulfhydryl groups of proteins b. Incorporated instead of sulphur in amino acids and proteins thus inhibiting sulfhydryl-disulfide conversions c. Causes lipid peroxidation in the membrane or erythrocytes and lysosomes d. Causes severe vasodilation

a. Binds to the sulfhydryl groups of proteins

Which medicine is useful in the treatment of poisoning caused by viperid snakes? a. Neither b. Both c. Vasoconstrictor agents d. Glucocorticoids

b. Both

Which statement is true for metaldehyde? a. During dissection acetaldehyde odour (formalin-like) can observed b. Both c. Neither d. A severe haemorrhagic syndrome can develop

a. During dissection acetaldehyde odour (formalin-like) can observed

Which mechanism of effect is true for NSAIDs? a. Neither b. Most of the substances damage the blood circulation of the kidney c. Most of the substances irritate the mucous membrane of the stomach d. Both

d. Both

Which compounds can be excreted in high amounts through the kidney? a. Lipid soluble, small molecules, non-ionized b. Water soluble, small molecule, non-ionized c. Water soluble, large molecule, non-ionized d. Water soluble, small molecule, ionized

b. Water soluble, small molecule, non-ionized

Which clinical feature is characteristic to nitrogen dioxide toxicosis? a. Sneezing b. Both c. Frequent breathing d. Neither

b. Both

Which antidote can be used in arsenic toxicosis? a. Both b. Neither c. Na thipsulphate d. Dimercaprol

a. Both

Which is a clinical feature of paracetamol toxicosis? a. Both b. Neither c. In cats the clinical signs can be seen after 1 week d. Visible mucous membranes have bright reddish discolouration

b. Neither

What is the recommended dose of fomepizole in ethylene glycol poisoning? a. 0.2 mg/kg bw b. 40 c. 20 d. 3-5

c. 20

What is a toxicosis of natural source? a. Industrial contaminants b. Minerals c. Feedstuff d. Drinking water

b. Minerals

What is the clinical characteristic of zearalenone poisoning? a. Hyperaemia, and swollen vulva, mammary gland and uterus b. Pseudopregnancy, infertility c. Neither d. Both

d. Both

Which infusion would you recommend in ethylene glycol toxicosis? a. Potassium rich infusions b. Ringer lactate c. No infusion is needed, it can also be contraindicated d. NaHCO3 and Ringer lactate

d. NaHCO3 and Ringer lactate

Which property influences the rate of passive diffusion? a. Both b. The lipid solubility of the compound c. The thickness of the membrane d. Neither

a. Both

How would you treat xylitol toxicosis in animals? a. Administration of diazepam or midazolam b. Infusion containing glucose c. Administration of a high dose of Vitamin B6 d. Application of insulin

b. Infusion containing glucose

Which is a clinical feature of NSAID toxicosis? a. Neither b. Vomiting, faintness c. Black faeces d. Both

d. Both

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic for metaldehyde? a. Damaging the neurotransmitters in the nerve synapses b. Blocking alcohol dehydrogenase c. Both d. Neither

a. Damaging the neurotransmitters in the nerve synapses

Which of the following is an organochlorine substance? a. Parathion b. Endosulphan c. Diazinon d. Amitraz

b. Endosulphan

Which statement is true of anatomical differences? a. The GIT of ruminants is shorter and less efficient than that of carnivores b. The GIT of carnivores is more complicated than that of ruminants c. The skin of cat is more permeable than that of dog d. All animal species are able to vomit

c. The skin of cat is more permeable than that of dog

Which substance or group of substances causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the thyroid gland? a. Nitrophenols b. Dithiocarbamates c. Paraquat d. Diquat

b. Dithiocarbamates

To which binds carbon monoxide in the blood stream? a. To the surface of erythrocytes b. To hemoglobin c. To globulin d. To albumin

b. To hemoglobin

What is the effect of the venom of viperid snakes? a. Both b. Cardiotoxic c. Neurotoxic d. Neither

a. Both

Which statement is true to nitrate-nitrite? a. Neither b. Methemoglobin results from the presence of nitrite c. Monogastric animals are less sensitive to nitrates d. Both

d. Both

Which compound is found in bee venom? a. Both b. Histamine c. Hyaluronidase d. Neither

a. Both

The bites of which ant species cause more severe symptoms? a. Formica spp. b. Ponerinae spp. c. Solenopsis spp. d. Myrmica spp.

c. Solenopsis spp.

Which clinical signs are caused by Bleeding heart? a. Neither b. Opisthotonus c. Both d. Hyperexcitability

c. Both

Which laboratory result is characteristic to haematuria form of Bracken fern poisoning? a. Prolonged clotting time b. Neither c. Increased levels of albumin and calcium in serum d. Both

d. Both

Which antidote is NOT used in acute organophosphate toxicosis? a. Pralidoxim b. Atropine c. Fomepizole d. Obidoxime

c. Fomepizole

In ethylene glycol toxicosis which substance is not directly toxic for the kidneys? a. Ethylene glycol b. Calcium oxalate c. Glycolic acid d. Glioxilix acid

a. Ethylene glycol

Which statement is true for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? a. Cats are highly susceptible to most of the NSAIDs b. Both c. Neither d. During metabolism they are…. glucoronate and glycine

a. Cats are highly susceptible to most of the NSAIDs

Which statement is true of metabolic differences? a. In guinea-pig the sulphate reaction is more efficient than the glucuronic conjugation b. In rat the glucuronic conjugation is more efficient than the sulphate reaction c. In swine the glucuronic conjugation is more efficient than the sulphate reaction d. In cat the glucuronic conjugation is more efficient than the sulphate reaction

a. In guinea-pig the sulphate reaction is more efficient than the glucuronic conjugation

Which clinical signs are caused by Golden chain? a. Both b. Neither c. Vomiting, diarrhea d. Incoordination

a. Both

Which animal species is sensitive to ochratoxin? a. Poultry b. Both c. Swine d. Neither

c. Swine

Which is NOT a clinical feature of chronic copper toxicosis? a. Haemolytic crisis b. Icterus c. CNS signs d. Haemoglobinuria

c. CNS signs

Which is NOT characteristic to the pharmacokinetic properties of organochlorines? a. Quick elimination with the urine b. Excellent absorption from the skin and mucous membranes c. Accumulation in the fat tissue d. Good distribution. Penetration through the blood-brain barrier

a. Quick elimination with the urine

Which mechanism of effect is true for NSAIDs? a. Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis b. Both c. Neither d. They inhibit ATP synthesis in the kidney tubule cells

a. Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

Which statement is true for metaldehyde? a. Both b. Neither c. Damages the bone marrow resulting in damaged blood clotting d. The gastric acid facilitates its decomposition

d. The gastric acid facilitates its decomposition

How would you treat xylitol toxicosis in animals? a. Administration of diazepam or midazolam b. Application of insulin c. Infusion containing glucose d. Administration of a high dose of Vitamin B…

c. Infusion containing glucose

Which mechanism is characteristic to thiram? a. Reduces the activity of creatine kinase which is indispensable for macroerg phosphate storage, therefore the muscles become energy-depleted b. The glycogen reserves of liver, heart and skeletal muscle become depleted as a result of fast metabolic utilisation of carbohydrates c. Fluid loss causes disturbance in the water homeostasis of the organism d. Inhibits the oxidation of acetaldehyde

d. Inhibits the oxidation of acetaldehyde

What kind of treatment would you apply in hydrogen-sulphide toxicosis? a. Both b. 1% sodium bicarbonate c. Artificial breathing d. Neither

d. Neither

Which statement is true? a. The alkyl mercury derivatives can cause excitement in each animal species b. The liver can store a large amount of copper c. The toxicological effect of arsenic can be …ned by its binding to lipids d. Ferri compounds are well absorbed from the GIT

b. The liver can store a large amount of copper

Which pathological finding is characteristic to aflatoxin poisoning? a. Fibrosis b. Neither c. Both d. Diffuse fatty degeneration of the liver

c. Both

The patient is highly sensitive to the toxic effects of NSAIDs if… a. It is anaemic b. It has liver failure c. Is has heart failure d. It has renal failure

d. It has renal failure

Which solution is useful for increasing of glomerular filtration? a. Neither b. Mannitol solution c. Both d. Glucose solution

c. Both

Which antidote is useful in mercury poisoning? a. Succimer b. Deferoxamine c. D-penicillamine d. Pralidoxime

c. D-penicillamine

Which statement is true? a. Neither b. Both c. Selenium has no physiological role in the body, it causes toxicosis also in a very small amount d. Anaphylactoid reaction can be caused by oral iron administration

a. Neither

What is the most toxic part of poinsettia? a. Sap b. Both c. Neither d. Leaf

b. Both

Which parameter is the ratio of LD50 and ED50? a. LD99 value b. Therapeutic index c. Therapeutic margin d. Minimum effective dosage

b. Therapeutic index

In which type of cells can mutation develop? a. Both b. Neither c. Somatic cells d. Germ cells

a. Both

What is the consequence of xenobiotic accumulates in the tissues? a. The rate of excretion is increased b. Chronic poisoning c. The concentration of free molecules is increased d. The time of onset is reduced

c. The concentration of free molecules is increased

Which clinical feature is characteristic to sulphur dioxide toxicosis? a. Bronchospasm b. Neither c. Coughing, hard breathing d. Both

d. Both

Antidote in the poisoning with diazinon and fenthion a. Diazepam b. Na-thiosulphate c. Fomepizole d. Atropine

d. Atropine

Which statement is true? a. The calcium content of feed can enhance the absorption of certain compounds due to complexation? b. Protein-deficient diet helps the production of enzyme proteins? c. The high calcium content of feed can reduce the absorption of certain compounds d. The lipid content of feed reduces the absorption

c. The high calcium content of feed can reduce the absorption of certain compounds

Which clinical sign is NOT a characteristic of ethylene glycol poisoning? a. Tremors, convulsions b. Vomiting c. Icterus d. Depression

c. Icterus

What is NOT characteristic to the pharmacokinetic properties of organochlorines? a. Quick elimination with the urine b. Accumulation in the fat tissue c. Excellent absorption from the skin and mucous membrane d. Good distribution, penetration into the blood-brain barrier

a. Quick elimination with the urine

This method is routinely used to enhance urinary elimination of toxins? a. Urinary acidification with oral vitamin C b. Ringer lactate intravenous c. Oral silymarine d. Intravenous vitamin B?

b. Ringer lactate intravenous

Which substance or group of substances causes depression, ataxia or a “narcotic-like effect”? a. Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives b. Nitrophenols c. Thiram d. Paraquat

a. Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives

Which clinical signs are caused in horse by bee or wasp venom? a. Both b. Frenzy c. Icterus d. Neither

a. Both

Which clinical signs are caused by Blue star? a. Mydriasis b. Neither c. Both d. Hypotension

d. Hypotension

Which animal species is most sensitive to dioxin? a. Mouse b. Rat c. Guinea-pig d. Hamster

c. Guinea-pig

What are the gross pathological signs in methylxanthine toxicosis? a. Neither b. Both c. Congestion of parenchymal organs d. Gastroenteritis

c. Congestion of parenchymal organs

Which clinical signs are caused by nitrate-nitrite? a. Neither b. Tachypnoe followed by dyspnoe c. The colour of blood is chocolate brown d. Both

d. Both

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to metaldehyde? a. Severe irritation of the GIT b. Decreasing the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synapses c. Both d. Neither

c. Both

Which substances can cause tachycardia, hypertension and arrhythmias? a. Xylazine b. Diazepam c. Salbutamol d. Paracetamol

c. Salbutamol

What are the gross pathological findings in sulphur dioxide toxicosis? a. Lung edema, lung emphysema b. Signs of asphyxia c. Neither d. Both

d. Both

What is the most frequent cause of teratogenic alterations? a. Drug b. Unknown origin multifactorial causes c. Infectious disease d. Chromosome alteration

d. Chromosome alteration

Which substance is found in hydrangea spp.? a. Hydrangin b. Delfinine c. Protopine d. Holothurin

a. Hydrangin

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to dithiocarbamates? a. Induce the formation of free radicals in cells which bind to unsaturated fatty acids b. Decrease protein mass of the muscles c. They increase the rate of cellular oxidation and metabolism, but at the same time the build-up of energy storage is suspended d. Mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and embryotoxic

d. Mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and embryotoxic

What are the gross pathological changes of chlorine gas toxicosis? a. Lung edema b. Both c. Neither d. Severe inflammation of the conjunctiva and the mucous membranes

b. Both

Which compound is found in the poison of poison-arrow frogs? a. Bufotoxin b. Batrachotoxin c. Bufotenine d. Bufagin

b. Batrachotoxin

What are the clinical signs of acute lindane toxicosis? a. Anisocoria, paralysis of cranial nerves b. Excitation, aggressiveness, convulsions c. Paralysis, paresis d. Kidney damage, oliguria, then anuria

b. Excitation, aggressiveness, convulsions

Which medicine is useful in the treatment of poisoning caused by cationic detergents? a. Neutralisation b. Both c. Dilution d. Neither

b. Both

Which process is lethal synthesis a. Neither b. Both c. The metabolism of diazinon to diazoxon d. Oxalic acid is produced from ethylene glycol

b. Both

Which is characteristic to urea? a. In an alkaline mileu, the released ammonia is present mainly in its non-ionic form b. Both c. Ammonia released from it is detoxified vie urea cycle in the liver d. Neither

b. Both

Which statement is true of the allergic effect? a. The allergic effects are independent of dose b. The xenobiotic needs to be exposed with antibodies in the body only once c. The production of antibodies against the xenobiotic starts only after repeated exposure d. The chemical as haptene binds to the unsaturated lipids

a. The allergic effects are independent of dose

Which plant has a hallucinogenic effect? a. Blue star b. Buttercup sp. c. Larkspur spp. d. Hydrangea spp.

a. Blue star

What are the gross pathological signs in NSAID toxicosis? a. Neither b. Perforation in the stomach c. Gastric and duodenal ulcers d. Both

d. Both

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic in sulphur dioxide? a. Stimulates the receptors of glomum caroticum b. Inhibits respiratory enzymes c. Both d. Neither

d. Neither

Which statement is true? a. Only the unmetabolized compounds can excrete through the kidney b. The pH of the urine does not influence the rate of excretion c. The small, water soluble compounds are excreted through the kidney d. The compounds are eliminated through the kidney only by filtration

c. The small, water soluble compounds are excreted through the kidney

Which antidote CANNOT be used in arsenic toxicosis? a. D-penicillamine b. Na thiosulphate c. Dimercaprol d. Deferoxamine

d. Deferoxamine

Which mould fungi produces ochratoxins? a. Aspergillus spp. b. Phomopsis spp. c. Ochraceus spp. d. Fusarium spp.

a. Aspergillus spp.

What is characteristic to the kinetic profile of trichothecenes? a. They are excreted slowly from the body b. Distribution in the body at a low level c. They are not accumulated in the body d. They are absorbed slowly from the GIT

c. They are not accumulated in the body

Which plants cause hepatogenous photosensitivity? a. Ergot b. Bean tree c. Amaryllis spp. d. Groundsel spp.

d. Groundsel spp.

Which administration route has the lowest LD50 value? a. Oral b. Subcutaneous c. Intravenous d. Intramuscular

c. Intravenous

Which antidote is a chelating agent? a. Both b. Neither c. Deferoxamine d. D-penicillamine

a. Both

Which clinical signs are caused in dog by bee or wasp venom? a. Facial edema b. Both c. Haemolytic anaemia d. Neither

b. Both

What is characteristic to toxalbumins? a. Basic substances containing nitrogen b. Proteins or polypeptides with… c. Chemically versatile group that causes toxicosis only in higher doses d. They consist of sugar-free p… component

b. Proteins or polypeptides with…

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to nitrate-nitrite? a. Both b. Methaemoglobin is not capable of oxygen transport c. Nitrate irritates mucous membranes of the GI tract d. Neither

a. Both

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