PATH 161 - Aging and Immobility Flashcards
(24 cards)
Aging - Definition
- nature process of gradual changes in the
structure and function of any organism that
occurs with the passage of time - organism gradually loses the ability to
adapt to this process
(leads to death as grows older)
Geriatrics - Definition
老人病學 / 老年病治療法
branch of medicine concerned with medical problems and care of the aged
Gerontology - Definition
老人醫學
scientific study of the process and problems of aging, aspects include:
- clinical
- biological
- historical
- sociologica
Physiological changes associated with aging
生理學上的
(Hormonal)
- hormone secretions remain constant
- # of the tissue receptors may decrease,thus diminishing the body’s response to
hormones - effect apparent in disorders
ie. type 2 diabetes - women major hormonal change occurs in
50 y.o. cease to produce estrogen and
progesterone - men decrease in testosterone levels, result
in testes not totally function
Physiological changes associated with aging
Reproductive - Women
Menopause: occurs in women around 50 y.o. - decrease FSH and LH (sex hormones) - may cause inflammation and dyspareunia 性交困難 - pH of vaginal secretions more alkaline,may cause infection - headaches, irritability, and insomnia (失眠症) are common manifestations - cancers: uterine and breast
Physiological changes associated with aging
Reproductive - Men
- testosterone levels decline gradually
- testes decrease in size
- sperm production is reduced
- common problem: BPH
(benign prostatic hypertrophy) - cancer: prostatic
Physiological changes associated with aging
Skin and Mucous
- both skin and mucous membranes become thin and fragile - skin is dry and wrinkled - slower wound healing - atrophy of the glands - hair becomes gray - lentigines 痣 or liver spots on hands & face
Physiological changes associated with aging
(Cardiovascular Changes)
** occur in cardiac muscle fibers and connective tissue in the heart
the size and # of cardic muscle cells declines, reducing the strngth of cardiac contractions
- arteriosclerosis 動脈硬化
- angina
- myocardial infractions (heart attack)
- peripheral vascular disease
- stroke
Physiological changes associated with aging
(Musculoskeletal Changes)
** Skeletal muscle fibers do not regenerate and blood flow to the damaged are is impaired
- osteoporosis
- osteoarthritis [醫]骨關節炎
- skeletal muscle mass declines
- strength of muscle contractions decrease
- flexibility is reduced
- movement become slower
- stiffness becomes evident 明顯的
- coordination & balance are reduced
- require a longer time to complete daily
activities, such as dressing, walking, etc.
Physiological changes associated with aging
Respiratory
Reduce in:
- elasticity in the lung tissue
- rib and thoracic movement
- deep breathing and cough effectiveness
- expiration 呼氣
- gas exchange in the alveoli
- oxygen level (rather than an increase CO2)
Physiological changes associated with aging
Gastrointestinal System and Nutrition
- problems with swallowing (obstruction)
- periodontal disease (loss of teeth)
- xerostomia [醫] 口腔幹燥
- obesity
- absorption of vitamins & minerals may be
impaired - malignancies in GI tract
- constipation and hemorrhoids
- ulceration with pain and inflammation
- malabsorption problems due to impaired
glandular 腺(狀)的 function
Physiological changes associated with aging
Urinary System
Reduce in: - kidney function - control of bladder function: nocturia 夜尿症 - smooth muscle tone Result in: - incontinence [醫]失禁 - residual 殘留的 urine - urinary tract & bladder infections
Physiological changes associated with aging
Other factors
Immune deficient, result in:
1. infections
- tissue healing is delayed and reduced
rate of mitosis
2. cancers
- higher chance exposure to carcinogens
- breast cancer in women
- prostate cancer in men
3. autoimmune 自體免疫的 disorder
- adapt to stressors 緊張刺激(物) is
slower
- chronic progressive disorders
- related to wear and tearPhysiological changes associated with aging
Neurological
- loss of some neurons in the brain (may or may not affect function) - reflexes are slower - night vision is decrease and farsightedness is common - hearing loss is common - stress response is less effective
Physiological changes associated with aging
Cardiovascular Changes - in Dietary
- Reduce in:
- lipid & cholesterol intake
- Na+ / salt intake
- Regular exercise assist in lowering blood
lipid & cholesterol levels to reduce high BP
Immobility - 2 types
Partial
- limb immobilized in cast, splint, brace
- paraplegia
- hemiplegia
Immobility - 2 types
entire body
- quadriplegia
- acute illness
- coma
Effects of Immobility
Musculoskeletal
- muscle losses strength, mass and endurance 持久(力), 耐久(性) - breakdown 衰弱 of muscle and bone - result in hypercalcemia (renal calculi) - decrease & loss muscle tone tissues - bone democratization 脫鹽 - osteoporosis - development of dependent edema decrease in cardiac output: dizziness or fainting
Effects of Immobility
Cutaneous
影響皮膚的
- decubitus ulcers [醫]臥姿 潰瘍 (pressure sores or bedsores 壓瘡) 壓瘡是因為皮膚受到壓力(或是壓迫) - risk of skin breakdown - cause necrosis - result in local infection
Effects of Immobility
Cardiovascular
- orthostatic hypotension 正立位置的血壓過低
- increase capillary pressure and edema
- thrombus formation in veins
- blood clotting formation
Effects of Immobility
Respiratory
病患呈現仰臥的狀態 (supine position) - respiration is slow and shallow - gas exchange is decreased - ventilation 換氣 is diminished 減少了的 - secretions build up in the airways - frequently lead to pneumonia or atelectasis [醫]肺膨脹不全
Upright position會對病患的呼吸有幫助及改善
Effects of Immobility
Gastrointestinal
- constipation
- bowel complications
- appetite is reduced
- delay in healing and recovery
(insufficient nutrition intake) - can lead to obesity
Effects of Immobility
Urinary
develop:
- bladder infection = cystitis
- renal calculi (kidney stones)
Effects of Immobility
Children - unique effects
- delayed in normal growth
- developmental delay
