Path New Material Flashcards
1
Q
DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM (9)
A
a. Uremia
b. Glomerulonephritis
c. Pyelonephritis
d. Pyelitis
e. Hydronephrosis
f. Nephrolithiasis
g. Ureteritis
h. Cystitis
i. Urethritis
2
Q
a disease of the urinary system; the end stage of renal failure, in which the patient dies from excess waste products in the blood. Indicated by odor of urine.
A
Uremia
3
Q
a disease of the urinary system; inflammation of the little tuft of capillaries located within the structural and functional unit of the kidneys.
A
Glomerulonephritis
4
Q
a disease of the urinary system; inflammation of the structural and functional unit of the kidneys caused by pyogenic or pus forming bacteria
A
Pyelonephritis
5
Q
a disease of the urinary system; inflammation of the renal pelvis. The central collection area for urine.
A
Pyelitis
6
Q
a disease of the urinary system; over distention of renal pelvis due to blockage or obstruction in the ureter.
A
Hydronephrosis
7
Q
a disease of the urinary system; the presence or formation of nephroliths (kidney stones)
A
Nephrolithiasis
8
Q
kidney stones
A
Renal calculi
9
Q
a single kidney stone
A
Renal calcus
10
Q
a disease of the urinary system; inflammation of one or both of the tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
A
Ureteritis
11
Q
a disease of the urinary system; inflammation of the urinary bladder. Two possible causes: Not emptying bladder completely after urination and alteration in the cells that make up the bladder (transitional cell carcinoma??? –bladder cancer)
A
Cystitis
12
Q
a disease of the urinary system; inflammation of the urethra - the single tube that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body.
A
Urethritis
13
Q
Genetic/developmental conditions of urinary system (3)
A
a. Polycystic kidneys
b. Hypoplasia
c. Dysplasia
14
Q
a genetic/developmental condition of urinary system; several cysts or enclosed sac like pouches that form in one or both of the kidneys causing them not to function properly
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Polycystic kidneys
15
Q
a genetic/developmental condition of urinary system; under development of a kidney. One or both of the kidneys are smaller than normal from birth. It was never of normal size
A
Hypoplasia
16
Q
a genetic/developmental condition of urinary system; literally bad growth; a person has bad functioning kidneys. Abnormal development of a body (tissue) part or organ – in this case the kidneys, not functioning properly.
A
Dysplasia
17
Q
types of Organ failure of the urinary system (2)
A
Acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure
18
Q
Organ failure of the urinary system; sudden onset and short duration.
Failure to remove waste product from blood
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Acute renal failure
19
Q
Organ failure of the urinary system; slow onset and long duration.
A
Chronic renal failure
20
Q
Postmortem conditions of diseases of the urinary system (5)
A
- Edema - in the kidneys
- Uremia - distinct odor from the body.
- Jaundice - due to kidney dysfunction.
- Dehydration - in other parts of the body - face.
- Odor: ammonia neutralizes formaldehyde; as such, stronger solution is needed for embalming. Indicates kidney failure.
21
Q
DISEASES OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (10)
A
a. Endometritis
b. Endocervicitis
c. Salpingitis
d. Oophoritis
e. Vaginitis
f. Gonorrheal and chlamydial infection
g. Syphilis
h. Herpes infection
i. Ectopic pregnancy
j. Eclampsia
22
Q
disease of female the reproductive system; inflammation of the innermost layer of the uterus
A
Endometritis
23
Q
disease of the female reproductive system; inflammation of the endocervix, the innermost layer of the lower constricted neck-like portion of the uterus.
A
Endocervicitis
24
Q
disease of the female reproductive system; inflammation of the fallopian tubes. Could cause a woman to become permanently sterile. Site of fertilization
A
Salpingitis
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disease of the female reproductive system; inflammation of one or both of the ovaries. Could be a cyst, ovarian cancer, or excess scar tissue
Oophoritis
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disease of the female reproductive system; inflammation of the vagina or birth canal
Vaginitis
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(2) diseases of the female reproductive system; (leading reported) - sexually transmitted diseases.
NGU & NSU- most reported
Gonorrheal &
| Chlamydial infection
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disease of the female reproductive system; sexually transmitted disease, a spiral shaped bacteria
Syphilis
29
disease of the female reproductive system; - virus, sexually transmitted infection.
Herpes infection
30
disease of the female reproductive system; exterior, any time a fertilized egg plants itself in any part of the body other than the uterus. Most common is called a tubal ectopic pregnancy. Another place for an ectopic pregnancy would be the middle of peritoneum
Ectopic pregnancy
31
disease of the female reproductive system; the toxcemia of pregnancy that could occur in the last trimester of pregnancy. Does not always present itself, but if it does it causes coma, high blood pressure and death.
Eclampsia
32
Hyperplastic/neoplastic diseases of the female reproductive system (3)
Endometriosis
Dermoid cysts
Cancer
33
Hyperplastic/neoplastic diseases of the female reproductive system; a condition where the presence of endometrial tissue is in parts of the body other than the uterus.
Endometriosis
34
Hyperplastic/neoplastic diseases of the female reproductive system; an enclosed sack-like pouch contains tissue not normally found. a rare ovarian cyst that contains a waxy tissue and other structures not normally found - like teeth.
Dermoid cysts
35
Hyperplastic/neoplastic diseases of the female reproductive system; Lung cancer has surpassed breast cancer in women as the leading cause of death. Cervical cancer usually results in a hysterectomy
Cancer - breast or cervical
36
(3) Postmortem conditions of diseases of the female reproductive system
1. Rapid blood coagulation
2. Edema (ascites)
3. Infection - a need to disinfect the body.
37
1st area to decompose in a pregnant woman
pregnant uterus
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Last area to decompose in a non-pregnant woman
non-pregnant uterus
39
DISEASES OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Specific Diseases Inflammatory/degenerative (3)
Orchitis
Prostatitis
Hydrocele
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DISEASES OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Specific Diseases Inflammatory/degenerative; inflammation of one or more of the testes.
Orchitis
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DISEASES OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Specific Diseases Inflammatory/degenerative; inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostatitis
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DISEASES OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Specific Diseases Inflammatory/degenerative; excess edematous fluid in a saculated cavity, specifically the scrotum.
Hydrocele
43
DISEASES OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Hyperplastic/neoplastic (2)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
| Carcinoma
44
DISEASES OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Hyperplastic/neoplastic; usually after 60 the prostate gland has enlarged in size due to the natural aging process.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
45
DISEASES OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Hyperplastic/neoplastic; testes, prostate gland - malignant cancer of the testes or prostate gland. Spread by the lymph system.
Carcinoma
46
Postmortem conditions of male reproductive system (3)
Edema – hydro seal (excessive fluid in the sacculated sac) Rapid blood coagulation
Discolorations
47
any type of wound or injury
Trauma
48
temporary, immediate absence of brain function following an injury without organic lesion.
(Side effects seeing stars)
Concussion
49
a bruising of the brain
Contusion
50
loss of blood within the cranial cavity
Intracranial hemorrhage
51
types of intracranial hemorrhage (3)
Extradural (epidural)
Subdural
Subarachnoid
52
a type of intracranial hemorrhage; loss of blood outside the dura matter but inside the cranium.
extradural (epidural)
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- a type of intracranial hemorrhage; loss of blood within the cranial cavity located under the dura matter. Most common type of intercranial hemorrhage and usually caused by a mechanical blow.
subdural
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a type of intracranial hemorrhage; loss of blood within the cranial cavity under the arachnoid layer
subarachnoid
55
most common type of intracranial hemorrhage
subdural
56
the worst consequence of a disease of the nervous system
death
57
Inflammatory/degenerative diseases of the nervous system (13)
1. Meningitis
2. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) apoplexy = stroke
3. Encephalitis
4. Myelitis
5. Hydrocephalus
6. Neuritis
7. Epilepsy
8. Cerebral palsy
9. Multiple sclerosis (M.S.)
10. Parkinson’s disease
11. Alzheimer’s disease
12. Creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) disease
13. Rabies (hydrophobia)
58
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; usually caused by Neisseria meningitides. Inflammation of one or more of the Meninges.
Meningitis
59
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; A circulatory sudden interruption of the blood flow occurring in the brain.
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Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) = apoplexy = stroke
ALL SYNONYMOUS TERMS
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60
predisposing factors of CVA - apoplexy- stroke (3)
1. transient ischemic attack (s) TIA
2. thrombus- attacjed blood clot
3. embolus- free floating object in the blood system
61
consequences of - CVA - apoplexy- stroke VARY, but they could be... (2)
1. Hemorrhage -
Stroke -there is damage to the brain. Ischemic-will cause no damage to the brain
2. Infarction (encephalomalacia)
62
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; viral (virus) infection transmitted by a mosquito. Inflammation of the brain.
Encephalitis
63
encephalitis is transmitted by
culex mosquito
64
WEE
Western equine encephalitis
65
EEE
Eastern equine encephalitis
66
SLE
Saint Louis encephalitis
67
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; Inflammation of the spinal cord – any type of spinal cord injury
Myelitis
68
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; literally, water on the brain; usually results from blockage (occlusion) of the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), especially between the 3rd and 4th ventricles.
Hydrocephalus
69
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; inflammation of a neuron (structural and functional unit of the nervous system). Consist of different type of parts
Neuritis
70
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; Chronic disease of the nervous system, characterized by violent convulsions and/or temporary loss of consciousness
Epilepsy
71
two types of seizures
grand mal
| petit mal
72
a type of seizure; Most serious and severe. Person will experience severe convulsions, pass out, become unconscious. Some will bite their tongue.
Grand mal seizure
73
a type of seizure; Milder form; characterized by dizziness or brief unconsciousness.
Petit mal seizure
74
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; spastic paralysis or impairment of voluntary muscle control; positional deformities. Primarily affects young adults and children caused by some sort of brain disease that occurred before birth or shortly after birth
Cerebral palsy
75
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; great crippler of young adults, in which myelin sheath (insulating layer around nerves) is destroyed, thus short- circuiting normal transmission of nerve impulses. There is an impairment of both motor and sensory impulses. Characterized by muscular weakness, tremors, paralysis, and vision problems. This is classified as a chronic degenerative disease.
Multiple sclerosis (M.S.)
76
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; seen in people ages 50-65; extreme shakiness. This is also a degenerative disease characterized by shakiness of the hands
Parkinson’s disease
77
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; chronic, general atrophy of brain and accompanying decrease in mental capacity. Mood change and other mental disturbances. Characterized by the disintegration of the neurons in the cortex of the brain. Could be caused by a conventional virus
Alzheimer’s disease
78
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; HIGHLY contagious; earlier and more lethal form of brain dementia; caused by a protein like particle called a prion. A slow virus
Creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) disease
79
Inflammatory/degenerative disease of the nervous system; neurotropic viral infection; 100% mortality, if it develops in humans; only positive diagnosis is discovery of Negri bodies, seen only in the brain tissue within 4 hours of the time of death.
Rabies (hydrophobia)
80
DISEASES OF THE BONES (4)
1. Osteomyelitis
2. Rickets (children) or osteomalacia (adults)
3. Osteoporosis
4. Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)
81
disease of the bones; inflammation of the spongy bone and marrow, usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Osteomyelitis
82
Disease of the bones; a softening of the bones (boa legs). In adults, the bones have a tendency to break. Deficiency of calcium in the body.
Rickets (children)
| Osteomalacia (adults)
83
disease of the bones; rarefaction of bone; absolute decrease in bone mass throughout body; particularly problematic in post menopausal women. Decrease of bone mass. Most commonly found in post-menopausal women.
Osteoporosis
84
disease of the bones; degenerative disease destructive stage which sometimes follows and accompanies osteoporosis; a chronic condition with the cause unknown. This condition predisposes to malignancy development in the bone tissue - osteoporosis.
Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)
85
DISEASES OF THE JOINTS
Bursitis Arthritis
86
disease of the joints; an inflammation of a bursa (the sac filled with synovial fluid which lines frequently used joints, such as the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee). It is a chronic irritation of the area affected.
Bursitis
87
disease of the joints; Inflammation of a joint
Arthritis
88
two types of arthiritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
| Osteo arthritis
89
a type of arthritis; A chronic inflammation of a joint. Affects females more than males. Usually over age of 40. The inflammation is bi-lateral - both sides. Usually the first occurrence will be in the hands and wrists. (Knuckles)
Rheumatoid arthritis
90
- a type of arthritis; also called degenerative joint disease - chronic breaking down of joint tissue. More commonly in older people and primarily affects the weight bearing joints – hip and knee. Usually under age of 40.
Osteoarthritis
91
Genetic/developmental diseases of the bones and joints (2)
Abnormal curvatures of the spine
| Achondroplasia
92
Genetic/developmental diseases of the bones and joints; Abnormal curvatures of the spine (3)
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
93
Abnormal curvatures of the spine; exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine - curves to one side or the other.
Scoliosis
94
Abnormal curvatures of the spine; abnormal thoracic curvature of the spine (hunchback)
Kyphosis
95
Abnormal curvatures of the spine; abnormal lumbar curvature of the spine (swayback)
Lordosis
96
Genetic/developmental diseases of the bones and joints; - literally, absence of growth of cartilage; frequently seen accompanying dwarfism. Primarily associated with the lack of development in the long bones
Achondroplasia
97
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; thyroid gland; hypofunction (decrease in the production of hormones) seen in children. Congenital and develops early life.
Cretinism
98
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; thyroid gland; hypofunction (decrease in the production of hormones) seen in adults. Characterized by the slowing of metabolism which results in weight gain. They also can have the characteristic of mental dullness and a general sluggishness.
Myxedema
99
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; thyroid gland; (hyperthyroidism, (increase in production of hormones) exophthalmic goiter) - overactive thyroid gland, resulting in hypertension, wide open eyes, profuse sweating attacks. More common in females. Results in an over active thyroid gland, hypertension, an increase metabolism that results in a weight loss, weakness and nervousness
Grave’s disease
100
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; thyroid gland; enlargement of the thyroid gland due to deficiency of iodine (I) in the diet.
Simple goiter
101
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; Pituitary gland; excess growth hormone secretion too early in life. (hyperfunction) prior to bone ossification.
Giantism
102
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; Pituitary gland; hypofunction (decrease in the production of the hormone) (not enough growth hormone being produced or released at the proper time).
Dwarfism
103
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; Pituitary gland; excess secretion of the growth hormone released after normal ossification is complete; results in progressive enlargement of the head, hands, face, and feet. A hyperfunction after normal bone ossification.
Acromegaly
104
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; Pituitary gland; decreased production of antidiuretic hormone, causing excess thirst and polyuria - urination.
Diabetes insipidus
105
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; pancreas; hypofunction not enough insulin being produced. Characteristics: causes a build up of sugar - Hyperglycemia which results in an excess amount of sugar in the urine called glyclosuremia.
Diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes)
106
two types of diabetes mellitus
juvenile
| adult
107
most serious type of diabetes mellitus which usually requires insulin injections and controlling of the diet. Beneath age of 30
juvenile
108
usually less serious type of diabetes mellitus Found in mature individuals and does not require insulin injections. Controlled with low sugar diet and oral medication.
adult
109
complication of patients with diabetes mellitus (2)
1. Hemorrhage, especially within retinas of eyes.
2. Vascular obstruction, leading to atherosclerosis and possibly forms of gangrene (dry or moist); at first, frequently seen as a diabetic ulcer, particularly of the toes. May be genetic in nature.
110
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; pancreas; the main malignancy is Adenocarcinoma. It has a high mortality rate. It metastasizes to the stomach, liver, and duodenum
Carcinoma of the pancreas
111
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; parathyroid glands; spastic twitching in body. A decrease in the amount of hormones causing a decrease in the amount of calcium in the bloodstream. It affects the neurons and causes twitching. (Not to be confused with Parkinson’s disease)
Hypoparathyroidism (tetany)
112
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; parathyroid glands; overactive, causing too much Ca to be removed from bones (thus, prone to fractures) and excess Ca prone person to renal calculi (nephroliths). An excessive amount of hormones causing an increase in the amount of calcium in the bloodstream
Hyperparathyroidism
113
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; adrenal glands; hypofunction of adrenal cortex; outstanding feature is a typical bronzing of the skin. 50 % of patients diagnosed have Tb of their adrenal glands; spread from lungs or intestines (if drinking unpasteurized milk). A 100% of patients diagnosed will die within a year. A decrease in the adrenal cortex. Characterized by digestive disturbances, low blood pressure, dehydration, emaciating, and general body weakness.
Addison’s disease
114
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; adrenal glands; hyperfunction of adrenal cortex, resulting in dorsal cervical fat pad (“buffalo hump”). Causes an increase in the lipids of the blood. High blood pressure, fatigue, and muscular weakness. Usually seen in adult women
Cushing’s syndrome
115
DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; adrenal glands; rare; bilateral destruction of adrenal glands; acute, fulminating (sudden and overwhelming) form of meningococcemia. An organism that results in a blood infection causing death. These are petechial hemorrhages (pin point) of the skin and a severe hemorrhage of the adrenal gland.
Waterhouse - Friderichsen Syndrome
116
ductless glands. Largest of the endocrine gland. Most active when you wake up in the morning
thyroid gland
117
master gland - secretes the growth hormone
Pituitary gland
118
Responsible for producing insulin
Pancreas (Isles of Langerhans)
119
control calcium (Ca) metabolism in body
Parathyroid glands
120
control 3 S’s (sex, sugar, and salt).
Adrenal (suprarenal) glands
121
orchitis is caused by.... (3)
(1) Trauma (kick the groin)
(2) Severe case of the mumps
(3) An untreated sexually transmitted disease
122
symptoms of prostatitis...
bathroom frequency
feeling of not completely emptying bladder
due to cancer of the prostate
123
commonly called mini strokes....
These are the temporary, short term reduction of blood supply into the brain (arterial blood supply). (External- speech loss or speech impediment)
transient ischemic attacks (TIA)
124
- death of brain tissue caused by interference of blood supply; Softening of the brain tissue
Infarction (encephalomalacia)
125
IUD use can cause this condition.
endometritis
126
Diaphragm use and spermicide use can this condition.
Endocervicitis
127
Virus that causes Herpes
herpes simplex II
128
excess fluid in the peritoneal and abdominal cavities.
ascites
129
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is commonly diagnosed with...
DRE- digital rectal exam
130
This is the most lethal site of cancer in men.
prostate (carcinoma)
131
Commonly transmitted through the respiratory system and spread through the blood or lymph systems.
meningitis
132
(only one that releases an endotoxin)
Neisseria meningitides
133
Largest of the zoonotic infections - primarily from migratory birds (herron, etc.) or horses (equine).
encephalitis
